44第四十四讲 主语.docx
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44第四十四讲主语
主语
主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。
一. 名词作主语
David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。
二. 代词作主语
Who is speaking, please?
（在电话中）请问您是谁？
That's OK. 这没问题。
三. 数词作主语
Two will be enough. 两个就够了。
Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。
四. ing形式作主语
Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。
Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.
从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。
五. 不定式作主语
To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.
把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。
六. 名词化的形容词作主语
The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.
在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。
The unemployed usually lead a hard life.
失业的人生活一般很困难。
七. 短语作主语
How to do well is an important question.
如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
早睡早起身体好。
八. 从句作主语
What has happened proves that our policy is right.
发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。
Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
我们是否去要看天气。
形式主语和真实主语
形式主语指的是：
1.不定式的形式主语
2.ing形式的形式主语
3.that引导的主语从句的形式主语
4.whether引导的主语从句的形式主语
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使用形式主语的目的是为了防止头重脚轻。
通常形式主语在前，真实主语在后。
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不定式的形式主语
It is wrong to waste time.
It是形式主语
to waste time是真实主语
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ing形式的形式主语
It is no use trying it again.
It是形式主语
trying it again是真实主语
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that引导的主语从句的形式主语
It is a pity that we lost the game yesterday.
It是形式主语
that we lost the game yesterday是真实主语
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whether引导的主语从句的形式主语
It doesn’t matter whether you answer the question or not.
It是形式主语
whether you answer the question or not是真实主语
逻辑主语
逻辑主语指的是动词不定式，ing形式，ed分词的施动者。
逻辑主语可以是代词的主格，可以是代词的宾格，可以是形容词性物主代词，也可以是名词。
His father wishes him to go abroad for further study.
他的爸爸希望他到国外深造。
him是 go abroad for further study 的逻辑主语
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He wants me to get up early.
他要我早起。
me 是to get up early的逻辑主语
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He insisted on going there.
他坚持要到那儿去。
He 是 going there的逻辑主语
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He insisted on my going there.
他坚持我得去那儿。
my 是going there的逻辑主语
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Spring having come, it is getting warmer and warmer.
春天来了，天气越来越暖和。
Spring 是having come的逻辑主语
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The cause of his coming here is secret.
他来这里的原因是个秘密。
his 是coming here的逻辑主语
不定式作主语
不定式作主语有以下三种句型：
句型
（1） 不定式短语 + 谓语动词
句型
（2） It's + 形容词 + for/of 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
句型（3） It's + 名词 + for 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
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在这一条目中，只讲述句型
（1），例外两个结构在以下条目中讲述。
To know oneself is difficult.
了解自己很困难。
在英语句子的表述中倾向主语短小一些，谓语部分长一些，以保持句子的结构平衡。
故上句可以改写如下：
It's difficult to know oneself.
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To go to school on foot every day takes me half an hour.
It takes me half an hour to go to school on foot every day.
我每天步行上学花费半个小时。
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To read this book through will require time and patience.
It will require time and patience to read this book through.
读完这本书需要时间与耐心。
It's+ 形容词 +for/of 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
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It's kind of you to think so much of us.
难为你这样替我们着想。
It's very nice of you to be so considerate.
你太好了想得这么周到。
It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。
It's bad for your health to sit up to late at night.
晚上睡得太晚对你的健康有害。
It's not easy for you to get him to change his mind.
你要说服他改变主意是不容易的。
It's impossible for him to give up smoking.
要他戒烟是不可能的。
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适合这个结构的形容词有以下这些：
一. 倾向用"of"
kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid,
careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite,
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二. 倾向用"for"
costly, illegal, immoral, unfair, unhealthy, unjust, unlawful, unreasonable
It's+ 形容词 +for/of 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
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of和for的判断
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It's+ 形容词 +of 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
的句子可以做如下改写：
It's kind of you to think so much of us.
You are kind to think so much of us.
难为你这样替我们着想。
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It's+ 形容词 +for 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
不能做如上改写。
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我们可以通过尝试改写，来确定选择"of"还是"for"。
It's + 名词 + for 逻辑主语 + 不定式短语
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It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
我们来参加这个大会是很荣幸的。
It will be a mistake for us not to help him.
我们不帮助他们将是一个错误。
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适用这种句型的有以下这些名词：
pleasure, pity, mistake, honour
以what等连接代词引导的主语从句
What you need is more practice.
你需要的是更多的练习。
Whatever was said has left us much to think.
这里说的话都应当保密。
Whoever wants it may have it.
谁要都可以给他。
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同类的连接代词还有：
what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
以that,whether从属连词引导的主语从句
It was strange that he had made a mistake.
真奇怪，他竟然错了。
That we need more equipment is quite obvious.
我们需要更多的设备，这是很明显的。
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.
（It's won't take too much difference whether he will join us.）
他是否加入我们，没有太大的差别。
主语从句的引导词that什么时候可以省略
当主语从句不太长时，引导词“that”可以省略。
如：
It's clear （that） he has done his best.
很明显他已经尽力而为了。
It's a wonder （that） he didn't fail.
真奇怪，他没有失败。
以when等连接副词引导的主语从句
When they will come hasn't been made public.
他们什么时候来还没有公布。
Where she has gone is not known yet.
她去了哪儿，还不知道。
How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.
（It's mystery how the prisoner escaped.）
犯人是如何逃跑的是个迷。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever.
为什么他做那件事将永远是个谜团。
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用来引导主语从句的连接副词有：
when, where, how, why
ing形式作主语
句型
（1） ing形式 + 谓语动词
句型
（2） It's+ 形容词 + ing形式
句型（3） It's + 名词 + ing形式
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在这一条目中，只讲述句型
（1），例外两个结构在以下条目中讲述。
Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
Travelling abroad can be very exciting.
出国旅游是很激动人心的。
Learning new words is very important.
学习新的单词是非常重要的。
It's+ 形容词 + ing形式
It's nice talking to you.
和你谈话很高兴。
It's good hearing English spoken.
听到人家在讲英语，我很高兴。
It's dangerous your drinking so much liquor.
你喝那么多酒，真危险。
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常用于此类句型的形容词有：
useless, nice, good, interesting, dangerous
It's + 名词 + ing形式
It's no use arguing about it.
争论那件事毫无用处。
It's been a lot of fun meeting you.
见到你真是太有趣了。
It's a waste of time your talking to him.
你跟他说话，真是浪费时间。
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常用于此类句型的名词有：
no use, no good, fun, a waste of time（注意：
这里的good是名词"好处"。
）
虚拟语气：
主语从句
形容词为necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential时，
在“It + be + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句”中，主语从句要虚拟。
It is necessary that the problem （should） be discussed at once.
立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。
It is strange that he （should） have so many friends.
太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。
It has been decided that the meeting （should） be put off.
已经决定推迟这个会议。
it：
形式主语
一. 作不定式的形式主语
It seemed a pity to refuse.
看来拒绝是一件遗憾之事。
It was not his habit to ask people for things.
他不习惯向别人要东西。
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二. 作ing形式的形式主语
It's no use saying any more.
在说下去是没用的。
It's been a lot fun meeting you.
见到你真是令人愉快。
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三. 作主语从句的形式主语
It was evident that Kate had returned.
很明显，凯特回来了。
It's a mystery to me how it all happened.
这一切是怎么发生的，对我来讲是个迷。
It did not matter much where he lived.
他住在哪里问题并不大。
主语从句与强调句的区别
注意事项：
1. 在主语从句中，把It was … that去掉之后，就已经完全不像一个句子了。
2. 在强调句中，把It was … that去掉之后，还基本上像个句子。
3. 主语从句有以下的引导词：
what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
4. 强调句的引导词只有：
that, who。
主语从句：
It was strange that he had made a mistake.
如果把，It was … that 去掉以后，剩下strange he had made a mistake.就不算是句子了。
真奇怪，他竟然错了。
It's not yet known what she did
她做什么还不得而知。
It is immaterial where or when he goes.
他去何处或何时去是无关紧要的。
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It is said that…, 和It is reported that…这样的结构，后面接的是主语从句：
It is said that he’s got married.
听说他已经结婚了。
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强调句：
It was she that had been wrong.（强调主语）
如果把，It was … that 去掉以后，剩下she had been wrong.还勉强算的上是一个句子。
错的是她。
It was this novel that they talked about last night.（强调宾语）
他们昨晚谈论的是这部小说。
It was in London that I first saw her.（强调地点状语）
我是在伦敦第一次见到她的。
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