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黑客道简史
《黑客道简史》一、早期的黑客
时间:
2007-10-21 阅读:
608次 整理:
华西安全网
作者:
埃里克•斯蒂芬•雷蒙(EricStevenRaymond)【著】
译者:
刘安辙(AngeloLiu)【译】
原文链接:
http:
//catb.org/~esr/writings/hacker-history/hacker-history-5.html
1.Translations
Russian
http:
//www.kazan.lug.ru/articles/esr/hacker-hist.html
2.Prologue:
TheRealProgrammers
Inthebeginning,therewereRealProgrammers.
That'snotwhattheycalledthemselves.Theydidn'tcallthemselves`hackers',either,oranythinginparticular;thesobriquet`RealProgrammer'wasn'tcoineduntilafter1980,retrospectivelybyoneoftheirown.Butfrom1945onward,thetechnologyofcomputingattractedmanyoftheworld'sbrightestandmostcreativeminds.FromEckert&Mauchly'sfirstENIACcomputeronwardtherewasamoreorlesscontinuousandself-conscioustechnicalcultureofenthusiastprogrammers,peoplewhobuiltandplayedwithsoftwareforfun.
TheRealProgrammerstypicallycameoutofengineeringorphysicsbackgrounds.Theywereoftenamateur-radiohobbyists.TheyworewhitesocksandpolyestershirtsandtiesandthickglassesandcodedinmachinelanguageandassemblerandFORTRANandhalfadozenancientlanguagesnowforgotten.
FromtheendofWorldWarTwototheearly1970s,inthegreatdaysofbatchprocessingandthe``bigiron''mainframes,theRealProgrammerswerethedominanttechnicalcultureincomputing.Afewpiecesofreveredhackerfolkloredatefromthisera,includingvariouslistsofMurphy'sLawsandthemock-German``Blinkenlights''posterthatstillgracesmanycomputerrooms.
Somepeoplewhogrewupinthe`RealProgrammer'cultureremainedactiveintothe1990s.SeymourCray,designeroftheCraylineofsupercomputers,wasamongthegreatest.Heissaidoncetohavetoggledanentireoperatingsystemofhisowndesignintoacomputerofhisowndesignthroughitsfront-panelswitches.Inoctal.Withoutanerror.Anditworked.RealProgrammermachosupremo.
The`RealProgrammer'culture,though,washeavilyassociatedwithbatch(andespeciallybatchscientific)computing.Itwaseventuallyeclipsedbytheriseofinteractivecomputing,theuniversities,andthenetworks.Thesegavebirthtoanotherengineeringtraditionthat,eventually,wouldevolveintotoday'sopen-sourcehackerculture.
3.TheEarlyHackers
Thebeginningsofthehackercultureasweknowittodaycanbeconvenientlydatedto1961,theyearMITacquiredthefirstPDP-1.TheSignalsandPowercommitteeofMIT'sTechModelRailroadClubadoptedthemachineastheirfavoritetech-toyandinventedprogrammingtools,slang,andanentiresurroundingculturethatisstillrecognizablywithustoday.TheseearlyyearshavebeenexaminedinthefirstpartofStevenLevy'sbookHackers[Levy].
MIT'scomputercultureseemstohavebeenthefirsttoadopttheterm`hacker'.TheTechModelRailroadClub'shackersbecamethenucleusofMIT'sArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,theworld'sleadingcenterofAIresearchintotheearly1980s.Theirinfluencewasspreadfarwiderafter1969,thefirstyearoftheARPANET.
TheARPANETwasthefirsttranscontinental,high-speedcomputernetwork.ItwasbuiltbytheDefenseDepartmentasanexperimentindigitalcommunications,butgrewtolinktogetherhundredsofuniversitiesanddefensecontractorsandresearchlaboratories.Itenabledresearcherseverywheretoexchangeinformationwithunprecedentedspeedandflexibility,givingahugeboosttocollaborativeworkandtremendouslyincreasingboththepaceandintensityoftechnologicaladvance.
ButtheARPANETdidsomethingelseaswell.ItselectronichighwaysbroughttogetherhackersallovertheU.S.inacriticalmass;insteadofremaininginisolatedsmallgroupseachdevelopingtheirownephemerallocalcultures,theydiscovered(orre-invented)themselvesasanetworkedtribe.
Thefirstintentionalartifactsofthehackerculture---thefirstslanglists,thefirstsatires,thefirstself-consciousdiscussionsofthehackerethic---allpropagatedontheARPANETinitsearlyyears.Inparticular,thefirstversionoftheJargonFiledevelopedasacross-netcollaborationduring1973-1975.Thisslangdictionarybecameoneoftheculture'sdefiningdocuments.Itwaseventuallypublishedas"TheHacker'sDictionary"in1983;thatfirstversionisoutofprint,butarevisedandexpandedversionisNewHacker'sDictionary[Raymond].
Hackerdomfloweredattheuniversitiesconnectedtothenet,especially(thoughnotexclusively)intheircomputersciencedepartments.MIT'sAILabwasfirstamongequalsfromthelate1960s.ButStanfordUniversity'sArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory(SAIL)andCarnegie-MellonUniversity(CMU)becamenearlyasimportant.AllwerethrivingcentersofcomputerscienceandAIresearch.Allattractedbrightpeoplewhocontributedgreatthingstothehackerculture,onboththetechnicalandfolkloriclevels.
Tounderstandwhatcamelater,though,weneedtotakeanotherlookatthecomputersthemselves;becausetheLab'sriseanditseventualfallwerebothdrivenbywavesofchangeincomputingtechnology.
SincethedaysofthePDP-1,hackerdom'sfortuneshadbeenwoventogetherwithDigitalEquipmentCorporation'sPDPseriesofminicomputers.DECpioneeredcommercialinteractivecomputingandtime-sharingoperatingsystems.Becausetheirmachineswereflexible,powerful,andrelativelycheapfortheera,lotsofuniversitiesboughtthem.
Cheaptimesharingwasthemediumthehackerculturegrewin,andformostofitslifespantheARPANETwasprimarilyanetworkofDECmachines.ThemostimportantofthesewasthePDP-10,firstreleasedin1967.The10remainedhackerdom'sfavoritemachineforalmostfifteenyears;TOPS-10(DEC'soperatingsystemforthemachine)andMACRO-10(itsassembler)arestillrememberedwithnostalgicfondnessinagreatdealofslangandfolklore.
MIT,thoughitusedthesamePDP-10saseveryoneelse,tookaslightlydifferentpath;theyrejectedDEC'ssoftwareforthePDP-10entirelyandbuilttheirownoperatingsystem,thefabledITS.
ITSstoodfor`IncompatibleTimesharingSystem'whichgivesoneaprettygoodfixontheMIThackers'attitude.Theywantedittheirway.Fortunatelyforall,MIT'speoplehadtheintelligencetomatchtheirarrogance.ITS,quirkyandeccentricandoccasionallybuggythoughitalwayswas,hostedabrilliantseriesoftechnicalinnovationsandstillarguablyholdstherecordfortime-sharingsysteminlongestcontinuoususe.
ITSitselfwaswritteninassembler,butmanyITSprojectswerewrittenintheAIlanguageLISP.LISPwasfarmorepowerfulandflexiblethananyotherlanguageofitsday;infact,itisstillabetterdesignthanmostlanguagesoftoday,twenty-fiveyearslater.LISPfreedITS'shackerstothinkinunusualandcreativeways.Itwasamajorfactorintheirsuccesses,andremainsoneofhackerdom'sfavoritelanguages.
ManyoftheITSculture'stechnicalcreationsarestillalivetoday;theEMACSprogrameditorisperhapsthebest-known.AndmuchofITS'sfolkloreisstill`live'tohackers,asonecanseeintheJargonFile.
SAILandCMUweren'tasleep,either.ManyofthecadreofhackersthatgrewuparoundSAIL'sPDP-10laterbecamekeyfiguresinthedevelopmentofthepersonalcomputerandtoday'swindow/icon/mousesoftwareinterfaces.MeanwhilehackersatCMUweredoingtheworkthatwouldleadtothefirstpracticallarge-scaleapplicationsofexpertsystemsandindustrialrobotics.
AnotherimportantnodeoftheculturewasXEROXPARC,thefamedPaloAltoResearchCenter.Formorethanadecade,fromtheearly1970sintothemid-1980s,PARCyieldedanastonishingvolumeofgroundbreakinghardwareandsoftwareinnovations.Themodernmice,windows,andiconsstyleofsoftwareinterfacewasinventedthere.Sowasthelaserprinter,andthelocal-areanetwork;andPARC'sseriesofDmachinesanticipatedthepowerfulpersonalcomputersofthe1980sbyadecade.Sadly,theseprophetswerewithouthonorintheirowncompany;somuchsothatitbecameastandardjoketodescribePARCasaplacecharacterizedbydevelopingbrilliantideasforeveryoneelse.Theirinfluenceonhackerdomwaspervasive.
TheARPANETandthePDP-10culturesgrewinstrengthandvarietythroughoutthe1970s.Thefacilitiesforelectronicmailingliststhathadbeenusedtofostercooperationamongcontinent-widespecial-interestgroupswereincreasinglyalsousedformoresocialandrecreationalpurposes.DARPAdeliberatelyturnedablindeyetoallthetechnically`unauthorized'activity;itunderstoodthattheextraoverheadwasasmallpricetopayforattractinganentiregenerationofbrightyoungpeopleintothecomputingfield.
Perhapsthebest-knownofthe`social'ARPANETmailinglistswastheSF-LOVERSlistforscience-fictionfans;itisstillverymuchalivetoday,infact,onthelarger`Internet'thatARPANETevolvedinto.Butthereweremanyothers,pioneeringastyleofcommunicationthatwouldlaterbecommercializedbyfor-profittime-sharingserviceslikeCompuServe,GEnieandProdigy(andlaterstilldominatedbyAOL).
Yourhistorianfirstbecameinvolvedwiththehackerculturein1977throughtheearlyARPANETandscience-fictionfandom.Fromthenonward,Ipersonallywitnessedandparticipatedinmanyofthechangesdescribedhere.
4.TheRiseofUnix
FarfromthebrightlightsoftheARPANET,offinthewildsofNewJersey,somethingelsehadbeengoingonsince1969thatwouldeventuallyovershadowthePDP-10tradition.TheyearofARPANET'sbirthwasalsotheyearthataBellLabshackernamedKenThompsoninventedUnix.
Thompsonhadbeeninvolvedwiththedevelopmentworkonatime-sharingOScalledMultics,whichsharedcommonancestrywithITS.Multicswasatest-bedforsomeimportantideasabout