英国文学4.docx

英国文学4.docx

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英国文学4

∙Introduction

∙TheOldEnglishperiod

oPoetry

▪Alliterativeverse

▪Themajormanuscripts

▪Problemsofdating

▪Religiousverse

▪Elegiacandheroicverse

oProse

▪EarlytranslationsintoEnglish

▪Late10th-and11th-centuryprose

∙TheEarlyMiddleEnglishperiod

oPoetry

▪InfluenceofFrenchpoetry

▪Didacticpoetry

▪Verseromance

▪Thelyric

oProse

∙ThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods

oLaterMiddleEnglishpoetry

▪Therevivalofalliterativepoetry

▪Courtlypoetry

▪ChaucerandGower

▪PoetryafterChaucerandGower

▪Courtlypoetry

▪Popularandsecularverse

▪Politicalverse

oLaterMiddleEnglishprose

▪Religiousprose

▪Secularprose

oMiddleEnglishdrama

oThetransitionfrommedievaltoRenaissance

∙TheRenaissanceperiod:

1550–1660

oLiteratureandtheage

▪Socialconditions

▪Intellectualandreligiousrevolution

▪Theraceforculturaldevelopment

oElizabethanpoetryandprose

▪DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

▪SidneyandSpenser

▪Elizabethanlyric

▪Thesonnetsequence

▪Otherpoeticstyles

▪Prosestyles

oElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama

▪Theatreandsociety

▪TheatresinLondonandtheprovinces

▪Professionalplaywrights

▪ChristopherMarlowe

▪Shakespeare'sworks

▪Theearlyhistories

▪Theearlycomedies

▪Thetragedies

▪Shakespeare'slaterworks

▪PlaywrightsafterShakespeare

▪BenJonson

▪MarstonandMiddleton

▪EarlyStuartdrama

oEarlyStuartpoetryandprose

▪TheMetaphysicalpoets

▪Donne

▪Donne'sinfluence

▪JonsonandtheCavalierpoets

▪ContinuedinfluenceofSpenser

▪EffectofreligionandscienceonearlyStuartprose

▪Prosestyles

▪Milton'sviewofthepoet'srole

∙TheRestoration

oLiteraryreactionstothepoliticalclimate

▪Thedefeatedrepublicans

▪WritingsoftheNonconformists

▪WritingsoftheRoyalists

oMajorgenresandmajorauthorsoftheperiod

▪Chroniclers

▪Diarists

▪Thecourtwits

▪Dryden

▪DramabyDrydenandothers

▪Locke

∙The18thcentury

oPublicationofpoliticalliterature

▪Politicaljournalism

▪Majorpoliticalwriters

▪Pope

▪Thomson,Prior,andGay

▪Swift

▪Shaftesburyandothers

oThenovel

▪Themajornovelists

▪Defoe

▪Richardson

▪Fielding

▪Smollett

▪Sterne

▪Minornovelists

oPoetsandpoetryafterPope

▪Burns

▪Goldsmith

▪Johnson'spoetryandprose

∙TheRomanticperiod

oThenatureofRomanticism

oPoetry

▪Blake,Wordsworth,andColeridge

▪OtherpoetsoftheearlyRomanticperiod

▪ThelaterRomantics:

Shelley,Keats,andByron

▪Minorpoetsofthelaterperiod

oThenovel:

Austen,Scott,andothers

oMiscellaneousprose

oDrama

∙ThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras

oEarlyVictorianliterature:

theageofthenovel

▪Dickens

▪Thackeray,Gaskell,andothers

▪TheBrontës

oEarlyVictorianverse

▪Tennyson

▪RobertBrowningandElizabethBarrettBrowning

▪ArnoldandClough

oEarlyVictoriannonfictionalprose

oLateVictorianliterature

▪Thenovel

▪Verse

oTheVictoriantheatre

oVictorianliterarycomedy

∙“Modern”Englishliterature:

the20thcentury

oFrom1900to1945

▪TheEdwardians

▪Themodernistrevolution

▪Anglo-Americanmodernism:

Pound,Lewis,Lawrence,andEliot

▪Celticmodernism:

Yeats,Joyce,Jones,andMacDiarmid

▪TheliteratureofWorldWarIandtheinterwarperiod

▪The1930s

▪TheliteratureofWorldWarII（1939–45）

oLiteratureafter1945

▪Fiction

I.ThenatureofSentimentalism

v     SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.

v     Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsof"pity,tenderness,andbenevolence"oversocialduties.

v     Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethe"simpleannalsofthepoor”.

v     Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.

v     Buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateitandsighedforthereturnofthepatriarchaltimeswhichtheyidealized.

v      SentimentalismembracesapessimisticoutlookandblamesreasonandtheIndustrialRevolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyand indulgesinsentiment,hencethedefinitesignsofdecadenceintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.

II.SocialbackgroundofSentimentalism

v     ThebourgeoisiegainingtheirascendancyinnationalpoliticsinEnglandafterthetworevolutionsof1640and1688.

v     ThehandicraftslabourgraduallytransformedtomachineindustryinthecourseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury

v     Thenewcapitalistrelationswereestablished.

v     Sharpsocialcontradictionsbegantotakeshapeandtothreatentheshort-livedsocialstabilityintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury.

v     Thecontinuous,large-scaleenclosuresoflandresultedinruralbankruptcy.

v     Thepovertyandmiseryoftheexploitedandunemployedlabouringmassesinthecitiesincreased.

v     TheEnlightenmentwhichbelievedineducatingthepeopletobekindandrighteousandupheldreasonasthecure-allforallsocialwrongsandmiseriesdeclined.

v     Allthisledtoskepticismanddisbeliefinthemythaboutthebourgeoissocietyasthebestofallpossibleworlds

v     Lackofabetterormoresoundsubstituteforreasonastheinstrumenttoreformthenone-too-satisfactoryorevenhighlyunsatisfactorysociety,sentimentorevenanover-doseofsentimentwasindulgedinatleastasasortofreliefifnotasasalvoforthegrievesandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld'swrongs

v     Hencesentimentalisminliterature.

III.LiteraryFormsinSentimentalism

v     InEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismfirstfounditsfullexpressioninthefortiesandthefifties;Inthelaterdecadesofthecentury,strainsofsentimentalismmaystillbefoundinanumberofthepoemsofWilliamCowper.

v     InEnglishdramaofthecentury,thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichardSteelewhosecomedies"TheLyingLover"（1703）and"TheConsciousLovers"containedelementsofsentimentalismasasortofreactiontotheimmoralcomediesofmannersoftheRestorationperiod.

v     inthefieldofprosefictionthatsentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression,OliverGoldsmith's"TheVicarofWakefield"maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.

v     OliverGoldsmith’spoetryandprosefictionwasquiteanexponentofsentimentalism.

v     LaurenceSternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury

Modernismisanomnibustermforanumberoftendenciesintheartswhichwereprominentinthefirsthalfofthe20thc.;InEnglishliteratureitisparticularlyassociatedwiththewritingsofT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,JamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolf,W.B.Yeats,F.M.FordandJosephConrad.

Broadly,ModernismreflectstheimpactuponliteratureofthepsychologyofFreudandtheanthropologyofSirJ.Frazer,asexpressedinTheGoldenBough（1890-1915）.Asenseofculturalrelativismispervasiveinmuchmodernistwriting,asisanawarenessoftheirrationalandtheworkingsoftheunconsciousmind.

Technicallyitwasmarkedbyapersistentexperimentalism.Itrejectedthetraditionalframeworkofnarrative,description,andrationalexpositioninpoetryandprose,infavourofstream-of-consciousnesspresentationofpersonality,adependenceonthepoeticimageastheessentialvehicleofaestheticcommunication,anduponmythasacharacteristicstructuralprinciple.

Modernistliteratureisaliteratureofdiscontinuity,bothhistorically,beingbaseduponasharprejectionoftheproceduresandvaluesoftheimmediatepast,towhichitadoptsanadversarystance;andaesthetically.Althoughsodiverseinitsmanifestation,itwasrecognizedasrepresenting"anabruptbreakwithalltradition...TheaimoffivecenturiesofEuropeaneffortisopenlyabandoned.（H.Read）"Modernistworks（forinstance,thepoetryofEliotandPound）mayhavetotheunfamiliarreaderatendencytodissolveintochaosofsharpatomisticimpressions,andsomecritics（e.g.OrtegaYGasset）havedeploredtheirdrifttowardswhathedescribesas"dehumanization",awayfromthe"human,alltoohumanelementspredominantinromanticandnaturalisticproduction."

Themodernistmovementinliteraturearoundtheturnofthecenturycreatedanincrediblechangeinthewaywritersviewedtheirart.  Thisnewgroupofwriterswereaffectedbythenewperceptionheldoftheworldandourplaceinit,andtheytriedtocommunicatetheirfearsandopinionsthroughuniquenewwritingstyles. EzraPound,oneoftheforemostfiguresofthisperiod,toldhiscontemporariesto--"Makeitnew." Inordertocreatenewliteraryforms,theoldoneshadtobedestroyed. Manyofthewriterschosetoradicallychangetheirwritingtofitanewera. ThesewriterswereinfluencedbyWorldWarI,rampantmaterialism,anddepression.AsVirginiaWoolfsaid:

 "OnoraboutDecember1910humancharacterchanged. Allhumanrelationsshifted---thosebetweenmastersandservants,husbandsandwives,parentsandchildren. Andwhenhumanrelationsshiftthereisatthesame