主从复合句复习要点与针对性练习.docx
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主从复合句复习要点与针对性练习
主从复合句复习要点与针对性练习
复合句包括定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句三种。
在语法填空题中,从句知识占的比重较大,且以考查基本的知识点为主,近两年的高考题也有体现,因此不容忽视。
本文就这三种从句在语法填空题中的常见考点进行一次梳理。
一、定语从句
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,有关系代词和关系副词两类。
高考中就是考查引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。
[关键点]
判断到底是用关系代词还是用关系副词来引导定语从句,就看从句当中是否缺乏主语、宾语、定语或表语,也就是关系词在从句中是否充当主语、宾语、定语或表语,若是,则选择关系代词,否则选用相应的关系副词。
所以,了解从句谓语动词是及物还是不及物非常重要!
试对比以下两句:
Thisisthereason(which/that)hetoldmeinthemeeting.(tell为及物动词,通常带双宾语,从句中缺少tell的间接宾语,因此用关系代词引导)
Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcometothemeeting.(come为不及物动词,从句中不缺少主语或宾语,修饰reason用关系副词why)
[疑难点]
1.只能用that引导定语从句的情况:
(1)先行词前有最高级形容词修饰时;
(2)当先行词前有theonly,thesame,thevery,thefirst,thelast,no,little,few,much,any,every等修饰时;
(3)当先行词为表示事物的不定代词all,little,few,none,anything,everything,nothing等时;
(4)当先行词同时含有人和物时;
(5)先行词是therebe后面的名词时;
(6)主句是以疑问词who,which开头的疑问句时。
2.只能用which或who或whom而不用that的情况:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时;
(2)由“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,且关系代词直接在介词后时,只能用which指物,用whom指人。
3.关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来替代,这种情况应当是非常明确用哪个介词时才可使用,否则,在语法填空题中首选填1个关系副词而不填“介词+which”。
介词的确定应从两个方面来考虑:
如果介词是从句中被提前置于关系代词前的,那么要依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配;另一种情况是受先行词的制约,即介词和先行词的搭配,例如:
Hebuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.(throughwhich即throughthetelescope)
4.whose的用法:
从句中缺乏定语时,无论先行词是人或物,都用whose取代,分别等同于ofwhich或ofwhom。
5.关系代词as引导的两类定语从句。
(1)引导限制性定语从句:
先行词有thesame、such或者so修饰时,关系代词首选as。
如:
Thisisthesamebookasyouboughtyesterday.(表达同一类)
(2)引导非限制性定语从句:
表“正如”,可放在句首,先行词通常是逗号后的整句话,常见搭配有ascanbeseen,asweallknow,asisreported,asisoftenthecase,asyoucansee,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenpointedout,aswillbeshownin...,ashasbeensaidabove等。
6.几个特殊点:
(1)...wayinwhich/that/省略
(2)Thedaysaregonewhen.../Gonearethedayswhen...
(3)situation后常用where或inwhich引导定语从句:
Canyouimagineasituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword?
(4)occasion后则常用when或onwhich引导定语从句。
二、名词性从句
名词性从句有四类:
宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
下面几点是名词性从句在语法填空题中要加以注意的:
[关键点]
名词性从句中宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句都属于句子的主干结构,也就是从句若被删除,主句的主干将不完整;而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的具体内容的说明。
[疑难点]
1.whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”之意,但以下几种名词性从句要用whether引导,不用if。
(1)引导主语从句,且在句首时。
例:
Whetherhehaswonthetennisisnotknown.(但Itisnotknownwhether/ifhehaswonthetennis)
(2)引导表语从句时。
例Theproblemiswhetherhecangetajob.
(3)引导同位语从句时。
例:
Ihavenoideawhetherhewillcome.
(4)在discuss后或介词后引导宾语从句。
2.位于句首引导主语从句的that不可忘。
用于引导表语从句和同位语从句的that通常也不能省略。
而两个以上的宾语从句并列时,若第二个(或以上)宾语从句需要用that引导时,that不可省略。
3.that,what用法比较:
引导名词性从句的that是连词,在从句中没有任何意思,也不作任何句子成分,也就是说,当从句的结构和意义完整时才用that;而what是连接代词,相当于thething(s)that,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,也就是说,当从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时,才会选what。
4.“Thereasonwhy...isthat...”句式中that不要误用because。
5.若句中出现形式主语或形式宾语it,那么后面的从句应为真实主语从句或宾语从句。
三、状语从句
引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词。
状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末。
当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔;状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步或行为方式等八种。
[关键点]
根据分句与主句的逻辑关系和意思,选择合适的从句引导词,如地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导;时间状语从句通常由when,while,as,until,after,before等引导;方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as...so...,asif,asthough引导;原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导;目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导;结果状语从句常由so...that或such...that引导;条件状语从句主要由if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等引导;比较状语从句通常由as,than等引导;让步状语从句通常由though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,whoever,whatever,however,nomatter+what/who/when...等引导。
但语法填空题由于题型的限制和空格的设置所限,考查的通常是比较基本的引导词,且一般为一个单词的连词。
[疑难点]
1.考生不要忽略由两个以上的词构成的从属连词,如asif/though,evenif等。
2.连词的选择必须在充分理解上下文的基础上理清前后句的逻辑关系后,才能作出正确选择,否则会出现多种答案好像都可以解释的情况。
因此,理解语篇对填入正确的连词非常重要。
3.以unless,asif,until,since(时间)等引导的从句是难点。
4.注意一些固定的搭配。
如:
(1)nosooner...than...
(2)hardly...when...(3)beabouttodo...when...等。
即时练习
一、单句填空填入适当的连词完成下列句子,每一空格可填一个或者多个单词。
1.____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.
2.Energyis____makesthingwork.
3.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.
4.Thissiteis___theShenzhenVSpaceshiplanded.
5.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.
6.Itworriedherabit____herhairwasturninggray.
7.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.
8.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.
9.Ifyouknow___itwasthatwroteATaleofTwoCities,raiseyourhand.
10.Ithink,thoughIcouldbemistaken,__helikedme.
11.Ithasnotbeendecided___theywillleaveforNewYork.
12.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.
13.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.
14.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.
15.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.
16.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.
17.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
18._____hasalreadybeenpointedout,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.
19.HelivedinLondonfor3months,during____timehelearnedsomeEnglish.
20.WheneverImethim,____wasfairlyoften,Ilikehissweetandhopefulsmile.
21.Thevisitoraskedtheguidetotakehispicture_____standsthefamoustower.
22.Idon’tliketheway_____youspeaktoher.
23.Tomatemorefood_______wasgoodforhishealth.
24.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.
25.Iworkinabusiness______almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.
26.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%______aresoldabroad.
27.Therewasatime______Ihatedtogotoschool.
28.GeorgeOrwell,_______realnamewasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.
29.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s_____youleftit.
30.Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether,lateheis.
31.Whydoyouwantanewjob_____you’vegotsuchagoodonealready?
32.―I’mgoingtothepostoffice.
―__________you’rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?
33.__________you’vegotachance.Youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.
34.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings__________youcanfindthemagain.
35.______IgettoPairs;I’llcallyouupattheairport.
36.______theheadmastercomes,wewon’tdiscussthisplan.
37.IhadbeentoBeijinglong__________youvisitedit.
38.Don’tbediscouraged__________youhavefallenbehindothers.
39.Wecangetthereontime__________thecardoesn’tbreakdown.
40.Itwasn’tlong__________hejoinedthejob.
41.Hardlyhadthebellrung__________thestudentstooktheirseats.
42.________wehavecome,let’sstayandenjoyit.
43.You’dbetterdo__________youarerequired.
44.Sofastdidhespeak__________noneofuscouldfollowhim.
45.I’llstartearly,__________itmaybedark.
46.Thebabydidn’tfallasleep__________themotherlefttheroom.
47.______thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.
48.Hecan’thavegoneout,__________thelightisstillon.
49.Iwaswalkingalongtheriver__________Iheardacryforhelp.
50.Weshouldn’tdothatdangerousexperimenttheteacheriswithus.
51.Willyougo__________ourmotherlandneedsusmostaftergraduation?
52.IamsureI’llmeetkind-heartedmen____Igo.
二、语篇填空用适当的词补全下面这则短文,每一空格可填写一个或者多个单词。
GandhiwashonoredasthefatheroftheIndiannation.HehasbeenrespectedandbelovedbytheIndianswiththebelief1heisanIndiannationalhero.
HewasborninIndiain1869.2isrecorded,hegotmarriedattheageof13,followingthelocalcustom.In1888hesailedtoEngland,3hestudiedlawforthreeyearsandbecamealawyer.4hisreturntoIndia,hewassenttoSouthAfricatoworkonalawcase.
InSouthAfricahewassurprisedtofind5theproblemofracialdiscriminationwasserious.Thereheformedanorganizationandthiswas6hestartedtofightforequalrights.
GandhireturnedtoIndiain1915,7IndiawascontrolledbytheBritish.HeledtheIndianstofightforanendtotheBritishruleandindependenceforhiscountry.8inthepoliticalmovementmanyIndiansincludingGandhiwereputinprisonanditwasstillnotsure9theycouldgainindependence,thestrugglesneverstopped.TheBritishgovernmenthadtogiveinandIndiawonitsindependencein1947.UnfortunatelyGandhiwasshotbyanIndian10opposedhisviewsanddiedonJanuary30th,1948.
参考答案:
一、1.Whatever2.What3.that4.where5.whether6.that7.That8.What;that9.who10.that11.when12.whose
13.which14.towhom15.which
16.where17.which18.As
19.which20.which21.where
22.that/inwhich/不填23.than
24.As25.where26.ofwhich
27.when28.whose29.where
30.however31.when32.While
33.Nowthat/Since34.where
35.Once/Assoonas36.Unless
37.before38.evenif39.aslongas
40.before41.when
42.Since/Nowthat43.as
44.that45.though/although
46.until47.As48.for
49.when50.unless51.where
52.wherever
二、1.that2.As3.where
4.On5.that6.how
7.when8.Although/Though
9.whether10.who
责任编校蒋小青