大学英语语法 第二十二讲 省略.docx
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大学英语语法第二十二讲省略
第二十二讲
省略
一、不用替代词的省略
1.主语
Don..teatmorethan(what)isgoodforyou.
Ihavedonemorethan(what)isrequired.
(It)Seemseasy.
(It)Soundsfunny.
(It)Looksliketheyareokay.
(He)Whobreakspays.谁打破的谁赔。
2.主语和部分谓语
Whilereadytohelpher(=WhileIwasreadytohelpher),Ididn..tknowwhatshewanted
.
ImetthegirlwhileonavisittoGuangzhou(=WhileIwasonavisittoGuangzhou).
(Itis)Mymistake.
(Itis)Verykindofyoutohelpme.
Ishallgothereif(itis)possible.
3.助动词
(Do)Youunderstand?
(Have)Childrendonetheirhomework?
4.There(be)
(There..s)Nothingwrong.
(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?
5.主语+动词+宾语
A:
Towhomdidyoulendthebook?
B:
ToJohn.(Ilentthebook)
6.名词短语的中心词
Anhourinthemorningisworthtwo(hours)intheevening.一日之计在于晨。
Hewasalwaysthefirst(man)tocomeandthelast(man)toleave.他总是到得最早,离
开最晚。
7.所有格后面的名词
Mary..s(dress)isabeautifuldress.
Hestayedinhisuncle..s(house)duringthesummervacation.
8.冠词
1)两个名词并列时,第二个名词前的冠词常可省略
Boththeoldand(the)youngtookpartinthesingingcompetition.
Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?
婴儿是男是女?
2)名词作同位语时,其前的定冠词常可省略
WarheroDouglasBaderhascome.
TheconferencewasheldinBeijing,capitalofChina.
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
803一、不用替代词的省略
AsownerandeditorofthePennsylvaniaGazette,BenjaminFranklinmadetheperiodical
popular.
3)报刊标题
RestaurantFireDisaster
4)小型广告
2ndflfltinmodblkcloseWestEnd,dblerecep(Asecondfloorflatinamodernblock
closetotheWestEndwithadoublereceptionroom...)
5)购物单
Cleaner..s:
collectclothes取衣服
Supermarket:
eggs,sugar,salt,wine超级市场:
售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒
6)注解
Causesof1stWorldWar:
massivere-armament...
7)通知,告示
(The)Flat(is)onsale.公寓出售。
(The)Lift(is)outoforder.电梯故障。
8)说明、释义
Cutalongdottedline.
pen:
longthinobjecttowriteinink
Frame车架(箭头所指)
9)书名
(An)OutlineofAmericanHistory美国史提纲
9.并列结构中的同等句子成分
Peterlikes(Mary),butJohnhatesMary.
JimcameateightbutHenry(came)atnine.
Ilikehermorethan(Ilike)him.
Inoticedhowtheteacheraskedthequestionsand(how)theywereanswered.
Tosomelifeispleasure,andtoothers(lifeis)suffering.
Youmaygobylandor(by)water.
Itisamatteroflifeand(of)death.那是一件生死攸关的事。
Itdoesn..tmatterwhetherheisfor(theplan)oragainsttheplan.
..但:
Doesheprefertravellingbynightorbyday?
(by不可省,表示的是两个不同的观念)
10.关系代词或关系副词
1)作主语的省略
(1)在以it,that,here,there起首的句子中。
例如:
Itwasn..tI(that)toldherthenews.
That..sathing(that,which)mighthappentoanyman.
Whoisit(that)tookawaymypen?
Therewasagirl(who,that)wantedtoseeyou.
Herearethestudents(that,who)calledonyouyesterday.
Weareacquaintances,andthat..sall(that)there..stoit.
Itishehimself(that)ishunteddown.
Itwasn..tshe(that)madethemistake.
(2)在以what,who等起首的疑问句中。
例如:
新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书
804第二十二讲
省
略
Whoisit(that)tookawaymypen?
Whatistheblackspot(that)movesaboutonthewall?
(3)在以wehave起首的句子中。
例如:
Wehave20essays(that,which)shouldbereadduringthevacation.
Wehaveonlyabout200hundreddollars(that,which)canbeputtouse.
(4)在形容词最高级或only,last,first+名词+that+ever结构中。
例如:
Heisthegreatestman(that)everbreathed.
Sheistheonlygirl(that)everpassedthetest.
Hewasthefirstman(thatwas)eversavedduringthedisaster.
(5)在Ithink,Iadmit,Ibelieve,Ifeel,Iknow插入语前作主语的关系代词。
例如:
Heaskedforthematerial(that)Ithinkcannotbeprovided.
Theytalkedabouttheplan(that)Ibelieveisnotpractical.
(6)几个that关系从句修饰同一个先行词时,只须保留第一个关系代词,其后的均可省
去。
例如:
Itissaidthatweusehardlyonehundred-thousandthoftheheatthatthereisincoaland
(that)couldbeextractedfromit.
Thedictionary(that)hecompiledin1993and(that)herevisedlastyearisverypopular
amongcollegestudents.
2)作宾语和表语的省略
that,whom,which作宾语和表语时一般都可省。
例如:
Theflat(that)heboughtin2001andthathesoldin2002isnowagainonsale.(两个
that关系从句修饰同一先行词时,只可省略其中一个关系代词)
Ihavegivenhimanything(that)heaskedfor.
Heissaidtobeeverything(that)anhonestmanshouldbe.
Sheisnotthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.
3)作状语的省略
Helikedtheplacefortheveryreason(that)sheeverlivedthere.
Ilikedtheway(that)shedidit.
Thisistheplace(that)theyswamacrosstheriver.
Thoseweretheyears(that)hewasintrouble.
Thisisthefactory(where)heworkedmanyyearsago.
Itisforher(that)Ihavetodoit.
Note:
在关系代词+be(have)+come结构中,关系代词可连同be,have一起省略。
例如:
Itisadream(thathas)cometrue.
Herearethefriends(whohave)cometoseeyou.
11.物主代词
在某些词组短语中,物主代词可以省略。
例如:
Helost(his)patience.他不耐烦了。
Ifeltat(my)ease.我感到舒适。
Shetook(her)leavesoonafterwards.她不久后就离开了。
Note:
有时候,用不用物主代词含义不同。
比较:
Ishallrememberherforlife.我将永远记着她。
(=forever)
Ishallrememberherformylife.她救了我的命,我将永远记着她。
(=whichshe
hassaved)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
805二、用替代词的省略
Shekepthouse.她照管家务。
(=lookedafter)
Shekeptthehouse.她足不出户。
(=wasconfinedto)
12.as...as结构中的省略
这种省略通常有两种情况:
①从句中与主句中重复的词可省;②在把两个时间、地点等
相比较时,第一个as可省。
例如:
Shelookedaftertheorphansascarefullyas(shelooked)afterherownchildren.
Hehandlesgreatthingsaseasilyas(hehandles)smallthings.
Heisnowasdiligentas(hewas)whenhewasinmiddleschool.
Hecanbe(as)happyinhardtimesasingooddays.
Heis(as)optimisticnowasbefore.
Note:
在下面的句子中,主要动词被省略。
HeobeysAliceasasonshould(obey)amother.
Shefondledthecatasamotherwould(fondle)herchild.
Heletthemangoasacatmight(let)amouse(go).
Hedidhishomeworkcarefullyashissisterhad(done)hers.
13.全句省略
某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。
例如:
IfIcouldseeheragain(howhappyIshouldbe)!
(Itispity)Thatsuchagreatmanshoulddie!
Imighthavebeenarichman(ifIhadtakenheradvice).
二、用替代词的省略
在某些情况下,当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时,还需要用某个替代词。
常用的替代词
有do(does)so,not,to,neither,nor,doso,dothat,doit,one(ones),thesame等。
1.do
do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
例如:
HespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanyoudo.(=speakEnglish)
Didyouseethefilm?
Yes,Idid.(=sawthefilm)
NelsonhopedthattheywouldalldotheirdutytothecountryasEnglishmenshoulddo.
(=shoulddotheirdutytothecountry)
Henryneverreallysucceededinhisambitions.Hemighthavedone,onefelt,haditnot
beenfortherestlessnessofhisnature.(=succeededinhisambitions)
2.so和not
so可以代替单词、词组或句子,作call,expect,hope,do,fear,hear,imagine,suppose,
speak,say,tell,think,believe,beafraid,see,notice等的宾语;not代替否定的句子,用法与
so相似,并可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。
例如:
Hemustbeaworker.Iimagineso.(=thatheisaworker)
Hasshefinishedreadingthebook?
Ihopeso.(=thatshehasfinishedreadingthebook)
Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecamesoafterawhile.(angry)
HeisagreatfriendofmineandIhopehewillalwaysremainso.(agreatfriendofmine)
Ishethebeststudentintheclass?
Ithinkso.(=thatheis...)
Ithinknot.(=thatheisnot....Idon..tthinkheis....Perhapsnot)
新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书
806第二十二讲
省
略
Hewillreturnattheweekend.
Iamafraidnot.(=thathewillnotreturnattheweekend)
..要注意的是,so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,口气比较婉转,不表示
肯定,也不表示否定,因此,在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。
例如:
A:
Aretheycomingtotheparty?
B:
I..msureofit.(肯定)(正)
Idoubtit.(怀疑)(正)
I..msureso.(误)
Idoubtso.(误)
..同样,在ask和know之后不可用so。
例如:
Heknowsthat.(正)
Heknowsso.(误)
Whydoyouask(that)?
(正)
Whydoyouaskso.(误)
..另外,not不可以用于个别表示说话的动词之后,但主语是非特指的人称时除外。
例如:
Shesaidso.(正)
Shesaidnot.(误)
Johntoldmeso.(正)
Johntoldmenot.(误)
..但可以说Theysaynot,Itseems/appearsnot,Itsaysnot等。
Note:
①so可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice或hear,则只能放在句首。
例如:
Ibelieve(say,think...)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think...).
SoIsee(hear,notice).(正)
Isee(hear,notice)so.(误)
②下面句中的notshe相当于“no,shedidn..t”,语气较强:
A:
Didshepayyouthemoney?
B:
Notshe.
③“not+状语”也是一种常见的省略。
例如:
A:
Willyougooutforawalk?
B:
Notthisevening.(=No,Iwon..tgooutforawalkthisevening.)
A:
Iwanttotalkwithsomeoneaboutit.
B:
Notwiththem.(=Idon..twantyoutotalkwiththemaboutit.)
④notthat结构有时意为Idon..tmeanthat...或Idon..tsaythat...,有时意为not
because。
例如:
Whydidn..tyoucomelastnight?
NotthatIcare,ofcourse.
Ifyouneedmoney,Icanlendyousome—notthatIamrich,ofcourse.
Shewenttobedearly.Notthatshewasill,butthatshewastired.
3.to
to代替不定式,常同refuse,want,seem,intend,mean,expect,hope,like,beafraid,prefer,
care,oblige,forget,wish,try等连用。
例如:
Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn..twantto(seethefilm).
Somepeoplesuggestedthatshereconsiderthematter,butsherefusedto(reconsiderthe
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
807二、用替代词的省略
matter).
Note:
①动词hope,think,fear,wish,beafraid和so,to连用的比较。
一般情况是,so所代替的多为句子,而to则只代替动词不定式。
例如:
Willyoustayforlunch?
Ihopeso.(=Iwillstayforlunch.)
Ihopeto.(=stayforlunch)
②作表语或同位语的不定式,其符号to有时可以省略(参阅第十一讲)。
例如:
ThemosturgentthingIhavetodonowis(to)lookintothematter.
③如果省略的不定式结构中含有be,have或havebeen,一般要保留be,have或
havebeen。
例如:
A:
Areyouonholiday?
B:
No,butI..dliketobe.
A:
Shehasn..