定语从句精讲精练.docx
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定语从句精讲精练
英语语法复习---定语从句
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
三、定语从句的关系词:
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,
关系代词:
that,which,who,whom(宾格),whose(所有格)
关系副词包括:
where,when,why
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
四、关系代词的用法
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语,定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.(that作主语)
Thecoat(that)Iputonthedeskisblue.(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket.(作主语)
Thefilm(which)wesawlastnightwaswonderful.(作宾语)
3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。
在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。
例如:
ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.(作主语)
Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalkingto?
(作宾语)
4.Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,),例如:
Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.
Itwasanisland,whosenameIhaveforgotten.它是一座岛,名字我忘了。
Thefactory,whoseworkersareallwomen,isclosedduringtheholidays
考点1:
当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例如:
Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.
PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.
(1)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
例如:
Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.
(2)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如:
Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.
考点2:
关系代词前介词的确定:
介词与先行词是一种固定搭配;介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯搭配;
Inthedarkstreet,therewasnotasingleperson____hecouldturnforhelp.
A.that B.who C.fromwhom D.towhom
That’sthedog____.
A. we’vebeenlookingafterB. afterwhichwe’vebeenlooking
C. whatwe’vebeenlookingafterD. we’vebeentakingcarefor
Ericreceivedtrainingincomputerforoneyear,_____hefoundajobinabigcompany.(2007年辽宁卷)
A.afterthat B.afterwhich C.afterit D.afterthis
Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,_____hewentontoBeijingUniversity.(2007年江苏卷)
A.afterwhich B.afterthat C.inwhich D.inthat
Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_____wegavesomebellsandglasses.A.towhich B.towhom C.withwhom D.withwhich
考点3:
whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the+n.
Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthismine.
=Thehousethewindowsofwhichfacesouthismine.
=Thehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouthismine.
考点4:
名词/代词/数词+of+关系词引导定语从句
1.Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,_____wantedtobuyit.(2007安徽卷)
A.noneofthem B.bothofthem C.noneofwhom D.neitherofwhom
2.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%______aresoldabroad.
A.ofwhich B.whichof C.ofthem D.ofthat
五.关系副词的用法
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when,where,why
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用,例如:
Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.
Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.
Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?
注意:
当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:
1.Thisistheroom_________Ilivedtenyearsago.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
2.Thisistheroom_________Ilivedintenyearsago.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
3.Thisistheroom_________Iboughttenyearsago.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
4.Thisistheroom_________Ivisitedtenyearsago.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
5.Thisistheroom_________Iwasborntenyearsago.
A.that B.where C.who D.what
判断改错
()ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
()IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
()Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.
()I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.
考点5:
以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句中如果缺状语成分,通常以inwhich或that引导,也可省略。
如:
Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.
Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeaktoher.
六.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。
如:
Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.
Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?
2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。
这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。
如:
ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.
Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.
注意:
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:
who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。
3.有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。
如:
Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.
考点6:
as引导非限制性定语从句,通常先行词为整个句子,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语,意思是“正如”,“就象”.As引导的定语从句可位于主首,句中,句后。
Which只能在句后,意思是“这一点,这件事”.
Asisknowntousall,TaiwanispartofChina.=TaiwanispartofChina,as/whichisknowntousall.
常用的:
asisknowntoall,asisoftenthecase,asissaidabove,asalreadymentionedabove,asisreportedinthenewspaper,see,expect。
4.当先行词被thesame所修饰时,关系词既可以用as,也可以用that。
在表示具体事物
时,有时两者有一定的区别。
一般说来,表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that。
如:
ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
考点7:
当先行词前有such,so,as时,关系词应当用as。
如:
Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.
HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.
Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.
Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.
Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.
另需注意:
ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.(定语从句)
ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.(结果状语从句)
考点8:
在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用which或that,二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中,只能用that,不用which:
(1)当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。
如:
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.
(2)当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。
如:
Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.
(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。
如:
Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.
WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.
(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容
词最高级同时修饰时,如:
Isthatthebestthatyoucando?
That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.
ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.
(5)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。
如:
ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.
(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。
如:
TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.
Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.
(7)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
如:
Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?
考点9:
定语从句的分隔现象
在英语学习中常常遇到定语从句不是直接位于先行词之后,而是被插入语、介词短语、副词或副词短语、谓语动词、非谓语动词等隔开,这种现象被称作定语从句的分隔现象。
MissYangwastheonlygirlintheofficewhohadbeeninvitedtotheparty.
Hetookawayalltheflowers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
—Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?
—Right,justtheone____youknowIusedtoworkforyears.
A.that B.which C.where D.what
Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome______Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar—awayvillage.
A.until B.that C.when D.where
We’llcallontheman___wethinkcanspeakverygoodEnglish.
A.who B.whom C.whoever D.which
Infrontofmewasawoman___Isupposedtobemyaunt.
A.who B.whomC.whoever D.whomever
Heleftthemoneywithhisfriend,____hebelieveswasusefultohim.
A.who B.what C.itD.which
I’llgiveitto____Iconsideriseagertogetit.
A.who B.anyoneC.whoever D.whomever
考点10:
区分定语从句与其相似句型。
在实际运用中,要分清到底是定语从句,还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型,然后再来确定关联词。
1.Hehastwochildren,andbothof_________areabroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who
2.Hehastwochildren,bothof_________areabroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who
1.Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.
A.it B.them C.which D.that
2.Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.
A.it B.them C.which D.that
ItisI____yourbestfriend____canhelpyouout.
A.am;that B.whois;thatC.whoam,whoD.whoam;whom
Pleaseputthemagazines____.
A. inwhichtheywereB. astheywereC. whereitwasD. thereitwas
Itwasin1969____theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon.
A.that B.when C.inwhich D.which
Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings____youcanfindthemagain.
A.inwhich B.intheplaceC.where D.how
Johngotthefirstplaceand____madehisparentshappy.
A.which B.thatC.as D.what
定语从句专项突破练习
1.I,___yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.
A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whicham
2.Theoldmanhastwosons,___arelawyers.
A.bothofthemB.bothofwhoC.bothofwhomD.bothofthey
3.Heisamanofgreatknowledge,___muchcanbelearned.
A.inwhomB.aboutwhomC.fromwhomD.ofwhom
4.Icantellyou___hetoldmelastweek.
A.allwhichB.allwhatC.thatall