论《白鲸》中的生态启示毕业设计.docx

论《白鲸》中的生态启示毕业设计.docx

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论《白鲸》中的生态启示毕业设计

唐山学院

毕业论文

论文题目：

论《白鲸》中的生态启示

系别：

外语系

班级：

10英本

（1）班

姓　　名：

姜娜娜

指导教师：

马晓颖

2014年6月

EcologicalEnlightenmentinMoby-Dick

Student:

JiangNana

Supervisor:

MaXiaoying

DepartmentofForeignLanguages

TangshanCollege

June,2014

论《白鲸》中的生态启示

摘要

赫尔曼·麦尔维尔是十九世纪美国最伟大的作家之一,被誉为“最伟大的海洋预言家和诗人”。

他的作品以对环境的详细描写及人与自然关系的精辟探讨而著名,其中《白鲸》更是被毛姆列为当今世界最伟大的十部作品之一。

在这部小说中,麦尔维尔将笔触从描绘自然的美丽和奥妙转向抨击工业革命和人类文明对大自然的伤害。

通过这部作品,麦尔维尔意在告诫人类如果继续对自然施以暴行,那么人类最终将如捕鲸船“皮阔德”一样走向灭亡。

“生态批评”的概念出现于1978年,由鲁克尔特在他的文章《文学与生态学:

一次生态批评实验》中首次提出。

生态批评旨在用文学研究的方法,对文本进行解读,揭示生态危机的本源,唤醒人类的生态意识。

论文试图从生态批评的视角,探讨《白鲸》蕴含的生态启示,重申人与自然之间维持平衡关系的重要性。

虽然《白鲸》这部作品讲述了一个悲剧故事,但它仍然给人类传递了希望,作为故事唯一幸存者的以实玛利给人类带来了含有希望之光的警示：

人类应该重视人与自然关系的和谐,从现在起重建人与自然之间的平衡关系,这是人类生存和发展的必经之路。

关键词：

白鲸；生态启示；生态批评理论

EcologicalImplicationsinMoby-Dick

Abstract

HermanMelvilleisoneofthegreatestAmericanwritersinthe19thcentury,whohasbeencalledthegreatestmarinepoetandprophet.Hisworksarefamousforthedetaileddescriptionoftheenvironmentandincisivediscussionontherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.HisworkMoby-DickislistedbyMaughamasoneofthetengreatestworksintheworld.Inthenovel,Melvillenotonlydepictedthenaturalbeautyandmysterybutalsoattackedtheindustrialrevolutionandhumancivilization’sexploitationonnature.Melvillewarnedusifwehumancontinueddoingsomethingeviltonature,wewouldbedestroyedlikePequod.

Theconceptof“ecocriticism”wasfirstputforwardin1978byWilliamRueckertinhisarticle“LiteratureandEcology:

AnExperimentinEcocriticism”.Thisarticleaimstointerpretthetextbythemethodofliteratureresearchtorevealthesourceofecologicalcrisisandawakentheecologicalconsciousnessofhumanbeings.

ThisthesisaimstoexploretheecologicalenlightenmentinMoby-Dickfromtheperspectiveofecocriticism.Itreiteratestheimportanceofthebalancebetweenhumanandnature,andalsopointsoutthatalthoughMoby-Dicktellsusatragicstory,itstillbringshopetohumanbeings.Asthesolesurvivor,Ishmaelbringsthelightofhopetohumanwhichwarnsthatwehumanbeingsshouldattachimportancetotheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature,andrebuildthebalancebetweenhumanandnaturefromnowon.Andthisistheonlyroadtohuman’ssurvivalanddevelopment.

Keywords:

Moby-Dick;EcologicalImplications;Ecocriticism

Contents

Introduction1

PartIDifferentEcologicalViewsPresentedinMoby-Dick3

1.1Ahab:

revengeonnature3

1.2Starbuck:

profit-seekingfromnature4

1.3Ishmael:

appreciationofnature6

PartIIDifferentFatesResultedfromDifferentEcologicalViews8

2.1Pequod’sdestruction8

2.2Ishmael’sluckysurvival8

PartIIIModernEnlightenmentofMoby-Dick10

3.1Ecologicalenlightenment10

3.2Practicalsignificance11

Conclusion14

Acknowledgements15

Notes16

Bibliography17

Introduction

HermanMelvillewasanAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist,andpoet.Hisfirsttwobooksgainedmuchattention,thoughtheywerenotbestsellers,andhispopularitydeclinedprecipitouslyonlyafewyearslater.Bythetimeofhisdeathhehadbeenalmostcompletelyforgotten,buthislongestnovel,Moby-Dick,largelyconsideredafailureduringhislifetime,andmostresponsibleforMelville'sfallfromfavorwiththereadingpublic,wasrediscoveredinthe20thcenturyasoneofthechiefliterarymasterpiecesofbothAmericanandworldliterature.

Moby-DickorTheWhale（1851）isthesixthbookbyAmericanwriterHermanMelville.TheworkisanepicseastoryofCaptainAhab’svoyageinpursuitofMobyDick,agreatwhitewhale.D.H.Lawrencecalleditthegreatestbookoftheseaeverwritten.JorgeLuisBorgespraisedthatMoby-Dickaboundedwithunforgettablephrases.TodayitisconsideredasoneoftheGreatAmericanNovelsandaleadingworkofAmericanRomanticism.

Criticshavelongtriedtorevealitsprofoundconnotationfromdifferentanglessuchasreligion,race,colonialism.Untilthe20thcentury,withthedeteriorationofecologicalenvironment,ecocriticismappearedasanewperspective.Abroad,somescholarsbeganresearchontherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinMoby-Dick.Forexample,inthebookLiteraryCriticisminthe19thCenturywrittenbyHarris,FredCajunthoughtthattheEuropeantraditionalidea“beingssequence”beforeCopernicustimesinfluencedpeopleinMelville’sagetoponderontherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.OthercriticstriedtostudytherelationshipbetweenMelville'sviewofnatureandEmerson’s.Forexample,JohnB.Williamsinhisbookthewhiteflame:

Emerson'sinfluenceonMelvillepointedoutthatEmerson’stranscendentalistthoughtshadimportantinfluenceonMelville'sviewofnature.

Athome,manyscholarsalsobegantostudyMoby-Dickfromtheangleofecology.Inthearticle“Moby-Dick:

thetragicprophesyoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature”,Mr.YueQingyunpointedoutthatinMoby-Dick,theauthorponderedontherelationshipbetweenhumanandnaturefromthreeaspectsandwarnedhumanwithatragicend:

theresultofman’shatredtonatureisdoomedtobeanirreparabletragedy.MrZouYugang,inhisarticle“EcologicalInterpretationofMoby-Dick”saidthatMoby-Dickshowsitsreadersadream-likeecologicalsystem.ConquerorAhabandexplorerIshmael,intheirownuniqueways,interactedwithMobyDickonbehalfofthenon-humanmembers.Withsymbolism,throughAhab’stragicendingandIshmael’ssurvival,Melvilleexpressedakindofmodernecologicalviewaheadofhistimes:

manshouldcoexistwithnatureharmoniously.

ThisthesisaimstoanalyzetheecologicalimplicationsofMoby-Dickfromtheperspectiveofecocriticism.Itreiteratestheimportanceofthebalancebetweenhumanandnatureandcallsonpeopletoprotectnature.

PartIDifferentEcologicalViewsPresentedinMoby-Dick

Moby-Dickreflectspeople'sdifferentunderstandingofnatureinthe19thcenturyandshowsmulti-dimensionalperspectivesoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.

1.1Ahab:

revengeonnature

AhabistheCaptainoftheshipPequod,whohavesailedontheseafornearlyfortyyears,catchingwhalesandsurvivinginthefightswiththestormincountlesstimes.Beforehecametothestage,theshipownertoldusthatwhentheymetatyphoonintheseaofJapan,itwasAhabwholedthecrewescapedunhurt,whichletthereaderslearnAhab’scourageandability.Butasaverycommonaccidentofwhaling,Ahabwasbittenoffalegbyaspermwhale,andmoreimportantly,thisaccidentcausedagreatchangeinhisdeepheart.Afterwardshisonlydrivingforceouttoseawastopersuethewhaleandkillit.Inhiseyes,thewhitewhalewasnotonlytheenemyofhisbodybutalsothefoeofhisspirit.Withadeterminationtorevenge,hestartedathree-yearhuntingtrip,whichwasalsoathree-yeardestructionofnature.Tosatisfyhisownlustforrevenge,Ahabputcontrolonothercrewmembers.EventuallytheshipsankandallthecrewdiedexceptIshmael.

“Ahab”isoneprototypefromtheoldtestament,asthekingofIsrael,whodidsomethingconsideredevilbyGod.Hebelievedintheotheridols,andcommittedinterracialmarriage.What’smore,hewaseggedonbythequeenJezebeltokillNaboth,andtookhisgrapesgarden.Herefusedtolistentothepredictionandwarningoftheprophet,repeatedlyignoringtheredemptionGodgavehim.Hewasanevilkingingod'ssight,aheinousperson.EventuallywhenhefoughtwiththeJewishkingJehoshaphat,hewasshottodeath,andtofulfilltheprophecyofgod,hisbloodwaslickedupbythedogs.

Inthenovel,captainAhabisalsoanimperialfigurecalledbypeopleakingofthesea.Asacaptain,heisasdiplomaticandcompetentasthekingAhab.HeknewthatpeopleweregreedyincharacteristicsandhetooktheadvantagetobuythesoulofthecrewwithaSpanishcoin.Hemadepassionatespeech,makinghishatredofthewhitewhalebecomethehatredoftheothermembersoftheship.WecanalsolearnfrommouthtomouththatAhabisamanofcourage.Althoughmorethan40yearsofsailingexperiencetakesawayhisleg,heisstillabletogetthetrustoftheownerasacaptain.CaptainPelegevendescribedhimasaGod-likeperson.Atthesametime,heisarrogantinpersonalityliketheKingAhab,committingsomethingevilregardlessgod'sexhortations.Henotonlyheldcontemptforthepeoplearound,claimingtobethemasteroftheirsoul,butalsorebelledagainstgodtokillthewhitewhale.IntheBible,althoughthegreatwhitewhaleisademonicbeast,itisalsoaproudcreationofGodandsymbolizesGod’sdivinepower.IntheBible,Godalsosendsthebigfishasamessengertopunishthosewhodisrespecthim.InMoby-Dick,thepriestmentioneda"Jonah"story:

theLordprovidesagreatfishtoswallowJonahwhoisagainstthewillofgod.AwhaleisnodoubtamessengersentbyGodtoenforcehislawonearth.SoAhabrevoltsagainstGodbypursuingandkillingthewhitewhale.InhispursuitofMobyDick,AhabwascontinuouslywarnedbyGodthroughthesun,lightning,flame,birdsandothernaturalobjectsandnaturallandscapesbutheturnedadeafeartoalltheseandpersistedinkillingthewhitewhale,whicheventuallyledtothetragedyofthewholevessel.

ToAhab,theonlypurposetotheseawasforrevenge.Thewhitewhalebittedoffoneofhislegs,andwhat’smore,hisdignityashuman.SoAhabregardedthewhaleasnotonlytheenemyofhisbodybutalsothefoeofhisspirit.

“Aye,aye!

itwasthataccursedwhitewhalethatrazeedme;madeapoorpegginglubberofmeforeverandaday!

”Thentossingbotharms,withmeasurelessimprecationsheshoutedout:

“Aye,aye!

andI'llchasehimroundGoodHope,androundtheHorn,andround