in terms of interconnections network capacity load demand and addition of new devices for improvin.docx

in terms of interconnections network capacity load demand and addition of new devices for improvin.docx

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parametricallyamplifiedMEMSrategyroscope  OriginalResearchArticle

SensorsandActuatorsA:

Physical,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline25February2011

Z.X.Hu,B.J.Gallacher,J.S.Burdess,C.P.Fell,K.Townsend

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Abstract

ThispaperreportsaparametricallyamplifiedMEMSrategyroscope.ApracticalparametricexcitationschemeimplementedusingDigitalSignalProcessing（DSP）hasbeendevelopedtoenableeitheramplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeoramplificationoftheresponsetotheappliedangularvelocity.Theprimaryobjectiveofthisworkistoimprovethescale-factorandthesignaltonoiseperformanceofthegyroscope.ParametricamplificationoftheprimarymodeofthegyroscopeisachievedbyfrequencytrackingandregulationoftheamplitudesoftheharmonicforcingandparametricexcitationtomaintainadesiredparametricgainbyclosedloopPIDcontrol.Stableparametricamplificationoftheprimarymodebyafactorof20isdemonstratedexperimentally.Thishasimportantbenefitsregardingtheminimisationofelectricalfeedthroughofthedrivesignaltothesenseelectrodesofthesecondarymode.BytakingadvantageofthephasedependenceofparametricamplificationandtheorthogonalityoftheCoriolisforceandquadratureforcing,theresponsetotheappliedangularvelocitymaybeparametricallyamplifiedbyapplyingexcitationofaparticularphasedirectlytothesensingmode.ThemajoradvantageofparametricamplificationappliedtoMEMSgyroscopesisthatitcanmechanicallyamplifytheCoriolisresponsebeforebeingpickedoffelectrically.Thisisparticularlyadvantageousforsensorswhereelectronicnoiseisthemajornoisecontributor.Inthiscaseparametricamplificationcansignificantlyimprovethesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyanamountapproximatelyequaltotheparametricamplification.Preliminaryratetabletestsperformedinopenloopdemonstrateamagnificationofthesignaltonoiseratioofthesecondarymodebyafactorof9.5andthescale-factorby11.TheexcitationandcontrolschemehavebeenimplementeddigitallyusingaDSPdevelopmentboardenablingveryhighsamplingprecisionandexecutionspeednecessaryforgyroscopicapplications.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Devicedescriptionandfrequencyresponse

3.Parametricexcitationandamplification

3.1.Parametricamplificationoftheprimarymode

3.2.Parametricamplificationofthesecondarymode

3.3.AmplificationofthesignaltonoiseratiooftheCoriolisresponse

4.Experimentaldeterminationofthethresholdvoltage

5.Closedloopparametricamplificationoftheprimarymode

5.1.Descriptionofcontrolcircuit

5.2.Measurementsofphasesandamplitudesbyorthogonaldemodulationmethod

5.3.Phasetrackingoftheprimarymodeunderparametricexcitation

5.4.Amplitudeandparametricgaincontroloftheprimarymode

6.ControllerrealizationinDSP

7.Experimentalresultsfortheprimarymodeunderclosedloopcontrol

8.OpenloopparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse

8.1.Sensingalgorithms

8.2.ExperimentalresultsforparametricamplificationoftheCoriolisresponse

8.2.1.AmplificationoftheCoriolisresponse

8.2.2.Amplificationofthesignaltonoiseratio

9.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Vitae

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210

EstimatingnutrientreleasesfromagricultureinChina:

Anextendedsubstanceflowanalysisframeworkandamodelingtool  OriginalResearchArticle

ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment,Volume408,Issue21,1October2010,Pages5123-5136

M.Chen,J.Chen,F.Sun

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Abstract

AgriculturerelatedpollutionhasattractedtheattentionofpolicymakersaswellasscientistsinChinaasitscontributiontowaterimpairmenthasincreased,andquantitativeinformationatthenationalandregionallevelsisbeingsoughttosupportdecisionmaking.However,traditionalapproachesareeithertime-consuming,expensive（e.g.nationalsurveys）oroversimplifiedandcrude（e.g.coefficientmethods）.Therefore,thisstudyproposedanextendedsubstanceflowanalysis（SFA）frameworktoestimatenutrientreleasesfromagriculturalandruralactivitiesinChinabydepictingthenutrientflowsinChineseagro-ecosystems.Thesix-stepprocessproposedhereinincludes:

（a）systemdefinition;（b）modeldevelopment;（c）databasedevelopment;（d）modelvalidation;（e）resultsinterpretation;and（f）uncertaintyanalysis.ThedevelopedEubolism（ElementaryUnitbasednutrientBalancemOdeLInginagro-ecoSysteM）modelcombinedanutrientbalancemodulewithanemissioninventorymoduletoquantifythenutrientflowsintheagro-ecosystem.Themodelwasvalidatedandthenappliedtoestimatethetotalagriculturalnutrientloads,identifythecontributionofdifferentagriculturalandruralactivitiesanddifferentlandusetypestothetotalloads,andanalyzethespatialpatternofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina.Theseresultscouldprovideanentirepictureofagriculturalpollutionatthenationallevelandbeusedtosupportpolicymaking.Furthermore,uncertaintiesassociatedwiththestructureoftheelementaryunits,spatialresolution,andinputs/parameterswerealsoanalyzedtoevaluatetherobustnessofthemodelresults.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.TheextendedSFAframeworkandmodelingtool

2.1.Systemdefinition

2.2.Modeldevelopment

2.2.1.Modelconceptualization

2.2.2.Processesandequations

2.3.Databasedevelopment

2.4.Modelvalidation

2.5.Resultsinterpretation

2.6.Uncertaintyanalysis

2.7.UncertaintyofEUstructure

2.7.1.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation

2.7.2.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.Modelvalidation

3.2.Modelresultsandimplications

3.2.1.Totalandarea-specificagriculturalnutrientloads

3.2.2.Compositionofagriculturalnutrientloads

3.2.3.Agriculturalnutrientexportloadsandintensities

3.2.4.SpatialpatternsofagriculturalnutrientemissionsinChina

3.3.Modeluncertainties

3.3.1.UncertaintyoftheEUstructure

3.3.2.Uncertaintyofspatialaggregation

3.3.3.Uncertaintyofinputs/parameters

4.Conclusion

AppendixA.Supplementarydata

References

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211

ThestateofsolarenergyresourceassessmentinChile  OriginalResearchArticle

RenewableEnergy,Volume35,Issue11,November2010,Pages2514-2524

AlbertoOrtega,RodrigoEscobar,SergioColle,SamuelLunadeAbreu

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Abstract

TheChileangovernmenthasdeterminedthatarenewableenergyquotaofupto10%oftheelectricalenergygeneratedmustbemetby2024.Thisplanhasalreadysparkedinterestinwind,geothermal,hydroandbiomasspowerplantsinordertointroducerenewableenergysystemstothecountry.Solarenergyisbeingconsideredonlyfordemonstration,small-scaleCSPplantsandfordomesticwaterheatingapplications.Thisapparentlackofinterestinsolarenergyispartlyduetotheabsenceofavalidsolarenergydatabase,adequateforenergysystemsimulationandplanningactivities.Oneoftheavailablesolarradiationdatabasesis20–40yearsold,withmeasurementstakenbypyranographsandCampbell–Stokesdevices.AseconddatabasefromtheChileanMeteorologicalServiceiscomposedbypyranometerreadings,sparselydistributedalongthecountryandavailablefrom1988,withanumberofthesestationsoperatingintermittently.TheChileangovernmentthroughitsNationalEnergyCommission（CNE）hascontractedtheformulationofasimulationmodelandalsothedeploymentofnetworkofmeasurementstationsinnorthernChile.Recenteffortsbytheauthorshaveresultedinapreliminaryassessmentbysatelliteimageprocessing.Here,wecomparetheexistingdatabasesofsolarradiationinChile.Monthlymeansolarenergymapsarecreatedfromgroundmeasurementsandsatelliteestimationsandcompared.Itisfoundthatsignificantdeviationexistsbetweensources,andthatallground-stationmeasurementsdisplayunknownuncertaintylevels,thushighlightingtheneedforaproper,country-widelong-termresourceassessmentinitiative.However,thesolarenergylevelsthroughoutthecountry canbeconsideredashigh,anditisthoughtthattheyareadequateforenergyplanningactivities–althoughnotyetforproperpowerplantdesignanddimensioning.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

1.1.Renewableenergypotential

2.Solarradiationmeasurements

2.1.Availableground-stationdata

2.1.1.Nationalsolarimetricarchive

2.1.2.Meteorologicalservicedata

2.1.3.CNE-GTZgroundstation

2.1.4.Weathersimulationmodel

2.2.Satelliteestimationofsurfaceradiation

2.3.Comparisonbetweenground-stationdataandsatelliteestimations

2.4.Timeseries

3.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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Evaluationofthinfilmceriamembranesforsyngasmembranereactors—Preparation,characterizationandtesting  OriginalResearchArticle

JournalofMembraneScience,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline13December2010

A.Kaiser,S.Foghmoes,C.Chatzichristodoulou,M.Søgaard,J.A.Glasscock,H.L.Frandsen,P.V.Hendriksen

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