哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing.docx

哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing.docx

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哈佛文献引用标注harvardreferencing

Harvardreferencingguide

HSL-DVC1

Abibliographicalreferenceshouldcontainsufficientinformationforsomeoneelseoryourselftotracetheiteminalibrary.Itisveryimportanttobeconsistentandaccuratewhencitingreferences.Thesamesetofrulesshouldbefollowedeverytimeyouciteareference.Citationsinthetextshouldgivetheauthor'snamewiththeyearofpublicationandthenallreferencesshouldbelistedinalphabeticalorderattheendofthepaper/dissertation.

ThisguideaimstooutlinehowtoreferenceusingtheHarvardmethod.TheHarvardmethodisnottheonlystandardofreferencingandyoushouldconsultwithyourlecturerswhichtheyrecommend.Foramoreinteractivetutorialonhowtoreferencecorrectlyrefertothe„Tutorialsbydepartment‟tabontheInformationSkillsResourcewebsite.

Harvardmethodofcitationinthetext

Allstatements,opinions,conclusionsetc.takenfromanotherwriter'sworkshouldbeacknowledged,whethertheworkisdirectlyquoted,paraphrasedorsummarised.IntheHarvardSystemcitedpublicationsarereferredtoinoneoftheformsshownbelow:

Singleauthor:

-

InastudybySeedhouse（1997）copingwithillnesswasinvestigated....

Inastudy（Seedhouse,1997）copingwithillnesswasinvestigated....

Whenanauthorhaspublishedmorethanoneciteddocumentinthesameyearthesearedistinguishedbyaddinglowercaselettersaftertheyearwithinthebrackets.

Burnard（1992a）wroteaboutcommunicationforhealthprofessionalsthat....

Twoauthors:

-

InthebookbyBasfordandSlevin（1995）.....

Morethantwoauthors:

-

Benneretal（1996）concludethat....

Ifmorethanonecitationisreferredtowithinasentence,listthemallinthefollowingform,bydateandthenalphabetically:

-

Thereareindicationsthatpassivesmokingispotentiallythreateningtothehealth..........（FrancomeandMarks,1996;Bunton,1995;Lupton,1995）

Harvardmethodofquotinginthetext

Whenquotingdirectlyinthetextusequotationmarksaswellasacknowledgingtheauthor'sname,yearofpublicationandpagenumberofthequoteinbrackets.

Shortquotationse.g.upto2linescanbeincludedinthebodyofthetext:

-

Weir（1995）statesthat"definingrolesandtheirremitsisnotsimple"（p.10）.

Longerquotationsshouldbeindentedinaseparateparagraph:

-

ThomasandIngham（1995）indiscussingstaffdevelopmentstatethat:

"Developmentisinfectious,andstaffwhopreviouslyhaverecoiledfromundertakingadegreeorconversioncoursehavebeenencouragedbythesuccessofothers"（p.33）.

Ifpartofthequotationisomittedthenthiscanbeindicatedusingthreedots:

-

WeirandKendrick（1995）statethat"networkingisnolongersolelywithinthemaledomain..."（p.88）.

Secondaryreferencing

Secondaryreferencingiswhenoneauthorisreferringtotheworkofanotherandtheprimarysourceisnotavailable.Youshouldcitetheprimarysourceandthesourceyouhavereade.g.（FiedlerandChemers,1974,citedinDouglass,1996）.Secondaryreferencingshouldbeavoidedifatallpossible.

Harvardmethodoflistingreferencesattheendofthetext

Referencesshouldbelistedinalphabeticalorderbyauthor'snameandthenbydate（earliestfirst）,andthenifmorethanoneitemhasbeenpublishedduringaspecificyearbyletter（1995a,1995betc）.Wheneverpossibledetailsshouldbetakenfromthetitlepageofapublicationandnotfromthefrontcover,whichmaybedifferent.Eachreferenceshouldincludetheelementsandpunctuationgivenintheexamplesbelow.Authors'forenamescanbeincludedifgivenonthetitlepagebuttheyarenotrequiredtobe.Thetitleofthepublicationshouldeitherbeinitalicsorunderlined.Theexamplesgivenareinitalics:

Abookbyasingleauthor:

Seedhouse,D.（1997）Healthpromotion:

philosophy,prejudiceandpractice.Chichester,JohnWiley.

Abookbytwoauthors:

Burns,NancyandGrove,SusanK.（1997）Thepracticeofnursingresearch:

conduct,critique&utilization.3rdedition.London,Saunders.

Abookbymorethantwoauthors:

Mares,Pennyetal.（1995）HealthcareinmultiracialBritain.Cambridge,HealthEducationCouncil.

Abookbyacorporateauthor（e.g.agovernmentdepartmentorotherorganisation）:

HealthVisitors'Association（1992）Principlesintopractice:

anHVApositionstatementonhealthvisitingandschoolnursing.London,HealthVisitors'Association.

Aneditedbook:

Basford,LynnandSlevin,Oliver（eds）（1995）Theoryandpracticeofnursing:

anintegratedapproachtopatientcare.Edinburgh,Campion.

Achapterinabook:

Weir,Pauline（1995）Clinicalpracticedevelopmentrole:

apersonalreflection.In:

K.Kendricketal.（eds）Innovationsinnursingpractice.London,EdwardArnold.p.5-22.

Anarticleinajournal:

Allen,A.（1993）Changingtheoryinnursingpractice.SeniorNurse,13

（1）,43-5.

Anarticleinanewspaper:

White,M.（1998）£68mtocutNHSwaitinglists.Guardian,MondayMay181998,p.8.

Ifnoauthornameisgiventhenanonshouldbeusedinstead.

Anon（1998）Schemestoboostdentalcare.Guardian,MondayMay181998,p.8.

Governmentpublications

InbroadtermsWhitePaperscontainstatementsofGovernmentpolicywhileGreenPapersputforwardproposalsforconsiderationandpublicdiscussion.Theyarecitedinthesameway.

AWhitepaper:

DepartmentofHealth（1996）Choiceandopportunity:

primarycare:

thefuture.Cm.3390.London,StationeryOffice.

AGreenpaper:

DepartmentofHealth（1998）OurHealthierNation:

acontractforhealth.Cm3854.London,StationeryOffice.

AnActofParliament:

GreatBritain（1990）NationalHealthServiceandCommunityCareAct1990.Chapter19.London,HMSO.

Conferenceproceedings:

Publishedconferenceproceedingswithauthororeditor（s）:

Banks,S.etal（1998）NetworkedLifelongLearning:

innovativeapproachestoeducationandtrainingthroughtheInternet:

Proceedingsofthe1998InternationalConferenceheldattheUniversityofSheffield.Sheffield,UniversityofSheffield.

Paperfrompublishedconferenceproceedingswithauthororeditor（s）:

Proctor,P.（1998）Thetutorial:

combiningasynchronousandsynchronouslearning.In:

Banks,S.etal.NetworkedLifelongLearning:

innovative

Athesisordissertation:

Stones,Marian（1995）Women,nurses,education:

anoralhistorytakingtechnique.UnpublishedM.Ed.dissertation,UniversityofSheffield.

Asecondaryreference:

Fiedler,F.andChemers,M.（1974）Leadershipandeffectivemanagement.Glenview,Illinois,ScottForesman&Co.Citedin:

Douglass,LauraMae（1996）Theeffectivenurse:

leaderandmanager.5thedition.St.Louis,Missouri,Mosby.

Acknowledgements:

Thefollowingdocumentshavebeenusedinthecompilationofthisguideandfurtherinformationcanbeobtainedfromthem.

BournemouthUniversity.AcademicServicesGroup.LibraryandInformationServices.（1996）HarvardSystem.[online]Bournemouth,BournemouthUniversity.[Accessed9thJune1996].

BritishStandardsInstitution（1989）BSRecommendationsforreferencestopublishedmaterials.BS.1629:

1989.London,BSI.

Citingelectronicsourcesofinformation

Thereisaseparateguidegivingdetailsofhowtociteelectronicsourcesofinformation:

“Citingelectronicsourcesofinformation”.

Citingonlineandaudiovisualsourcesofinformation

HSL-DVC2

Dataisavailableinvariousformatsapartfromprinteddocumentssuchasbooksandjournals.Increasinglyinformationisbecomingavailableelectronically.ThisguidesetsouttoprovideexamplesofhowtocitetheseelectronicsourcesofinformationintheHarvardstyle.Thereisaseparatedocumentoutlininghowtociteprintedmaterial.Thestandardcopyrightlawappliesequallytoelectronicsourcesandanyreferencetootherpeople'sworkshouldbeacknowledgedwithcitationsinyourtextandinclusioninyourreferencelist.

TheInformationSkillsResourceincludesinteractivetutorialsonhowtoreferencecorrectly.Selectthe‘Tutorialsbydepartment’tabfortutorialstailoredforyoursubjectarea.Alwayscheckwhichreferencingmethodyourdepartmentrecommendsbeforesubmittingfinishedwork.

INTERNETSOURCES

Individualworks

Author/editorsurname,Initial.（Year）Title[online].Edition.Placeofpublication,Publisher.Availablefrom:

URL[Accesseddate].

Example:

Marieb.E.（2000）EssentialsofHumananatomyandPhysiology:

AWLCompanionWebSite.[online].6thedition.SanFrancisco,BenjaminCummings.Availablefrom:

[Accessed4thJuly2001].

Includetheyearofpublicationinbrackets.MostWebpagesareupdatedonaregularbasis.Dateofpublicationisthedatethepageswerelastupdated.IfyouarenotsureofthedateclickonViewandpagesourcetocheckwhenlastmodified.Ifnopublicationdateisgivenwrite（Nodate）.

Onlymentionaneditionstatementifthedocumentclearlystatesthatthepageshavebeenrewrittenratherthanjustupdated.

Theaccesseddateiswhenyouviewed,downloadedorprintedtheWebpage.Thisstatementisnecessarytoallowforanysubsequentchangeswhichmaybemadetothepageorifthepageisnolongeravailable.

Thetermpublisherisusedheretocoverboththetraditionalideaofpublisherofprintedsources,aswellasorganisationsresponsibleformaintainingsitesontheInternet,suchastheUniversityofSheffield.Iftheplaceofpublicationisnotstatedandcannotbeascertainedthenleaveout.

OfteninformationisputontheInternetbyorganisationswithoutcitingaspecificauthor.Insuchcases,ascribeauthorshiptothesmallestidentifiableorganisationalunit（thisissimilartothestandardmethodofcitingworksproducedbyacorporatebody）ors