西方文明史复习资料,都是重点哦Word下载.docx
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Congressconsistsoftwochambers,anupperchambercalledtheSenate(100members)
andalowerchambercalledtheHouseofRepresentatives(435members).
HORisfixedandproportionallydistributedamongthe50states,eachonerepresentingthecongressionaldistrict.
Senate:
100senators,2perstate.
Congress
•Congresshasthesole(only)authoritytomakelaws,levytaxes,declarewar,andprintmoney,amongotherpowers.Congressalsocontrolsthefederalbudget.
ExecutiveBranch
•Thepresidencyistheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment.ThepresidentiselectedeveryfouryearsandisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsthatCongressmakes.Thepresidentisalsothecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandhasthepowertoconductforeignrelations.
JudicialBranch
•Thefederalcourtsmakeupthejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernment,whichconsistsofregionalcircuitcourts,appealscourts,andtheSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestlegalauthorityinthecountryandhasassumedthepowerofjudicialreviewtodecidethelegality(validity,truth)ofthelawsCongressmakes.
MythicalFounding
•MostAmericansre-imaginethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesinmythicalterms,asthetriumphofwisdomovertyrannicalignoranceandasthecreationofsomethingnewandimportantintheworld.
•AmericancitizenstendtoreveretheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution,andtheFoundingFathersareseenasmodelsofvirtue(quality)andpoliticalwisdom.
•TheiconicimageofGeorgeWashingtonontheone-dollarbillorthestatueofAbrahamLincolninsidetheLincolnMemorialfitsinwiththisheroicvisionofthefounders.
StruggleAgainstTyrannyandInjustice
MostAmericansoftenthinkoftheircountryasthechampionofdemocracyandjustice.ManyeventsinAmericanhistoryarethereforeseenaspartofthisstruggle.Americanstendtothinkofthe:
•CivilWarasabattletoendslavery
•WorldWarIIasthedefeatofeviltyrants
•ColdWarasatriumphofdemocraticvaluesovercommunismandtotalitarianism.Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
–Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
HistoryasProgress
•AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisnotaperfectdemocracy,manyAmericansinterpretitshistoryasprogresstowardabetterdemocracy.Inthisview,Americahasimprovedfromcenturytocentury,gettingbetterandmoredemocraticovertime.Theexpansionoftherighttovoteisthebestexample.
•e.g.,Atthestartoftherepublic,therighttovotewasrestrictedinmostplacestoolder,wealthy,whitelandowners.
RighttoVote
•Overtime,allcitizenswontherighttovote
Includingthemiddleclasses,thepoor, Women(1920), Peopleofotherraces(1965),Youngerpeople(1970), Americandemocracyhasthusgrownasmorepeoplehavebeenallowedtoparticipate.
2.Superheromythologyreg Intro:
History
Whatisamyth?
A storyofunknownauthorshipthatpeopletoldlongagoinanattempttoanswerseriousquestionsabouthowimportantthingsbeganandoccurred.
Theyarestoriesthatexplainnaturaloccurrencesandexpressbeliefsofrightand
wrong.Mythsusuallyhaveareligiousorspiritualsense
•Theyareearlymansdesiretoexplaintheuniverse.
i.e.,Apollo,thesonofZeus,drovethechariotofthesunacrossthesky
GodsandGoddesses
•Thegods,goddesses,andheroesaresuperhumaninnature.
i.e.,Atlasboretheweightoftheworldandtheheavensonhisshoulders.
•Godssometimesappearindisguisedform
•HumanemotionsareexperiencedbytheGods
–i.e.,Hera’sjealousy(wewilltalkaboutthisinamoment)
CommonThemesinMythology
•Goodvs.Evil Lightvs.Dark
•Ametamorphosismayoccur Likeabutterfly
•InGreekmythology
–Thestorieswerepartoftheirreligion
–Theirfestivalsandritualpracticescamefromthestories
WhatisGreekMythology?
TheancientGreekswerepolytheistic,meaningtheyworshipedmultiplegods.Theyalsotoldmanystories(myths)aboutthegods,whichweremeanttoguidehumanbehaviorandteachabouttherelationshipbetweengodsandhumans.
•ThepeopleofancientGreecesharedstoriescalledmythsaboutthegods,
goddesses,andheroesinwhichtheybelieved.
•EachgodorgoddesswasworshippedasadeityandruledovercertainareasoftheGreeks’lives.
•Theseexcitingstoriesexplainednaturalphenomenathatcouldnotbeexplainedbyscienceintheancientworld.
Whyisitimportant?
“AsoneofthemajorcontributorstoWesterncivilization,ancientGreekculturehasprovidedthecreativeenergyandprototypesforlaterformsofWesternsociety.Intellectualandculturalachievements,togetherwithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentsinancientGreeceanditsneighboringareas,marktherealbeginningofWesterncivilizationandtheendingoftheuncivilized,barbarousage”(pg.7).
•TheAncientGreekculturehasbeenkeptalivebytheoralandlaterwrittenstorieshandeddownthroughthousandsofyears.
•Modernplays,novels,televisionprograms,moviesandevenadvertisementsrefer
toGreekgods,goddesses,heroesandtheirstories.
•TheirhistoryentertainsusandprovideuswithmodernWesternculture.
GodsandGoddessesofthePantheononMountOlympus
Zeus–LeaderoftheOlympianGods(page12)
•HeruledtheOlympians.
•Hewasthegodofthesky,lightningandthundercarryingathunderboltashis
symbol(muchlikeasuperherowewilltalkaboutinamoment).
•HemarriedHera,hissister,whichwasafamilyhabit.
•Hefatheredmanychildrenwithvariousgoddessesandmortals.
Hera–WifeofZeus
•Shewastheprotectorofmarriageandthehome.
•Shewasassociatedwiththepeacock,becauseofhergreatbeauty.
•SheandZeuswerealwaysquarreling.
•Shewascalledthequeenofintriguers,avindictiveandjealouswife,who
frequentlyoutwittedherhusband,Zeus.
Poseidon–GodoftheSea
•Hebuiltanunderwaterpalacewithagreatpearlandcoralthrone.
•AlthoughhechoseThetis,abeautifulwaternymph,ashisqueen,he,likehis
brotherZeus,wasagreatwandererfatheringhundredsofchildren.
•Hewasadifficultgod,changefulandquarrelsome,butcreatedmanycuriousforms
forhisseacreatures.
•HeinventedthehorseforhissisterDemeter,whomheloved.
Hades–GodoftheUnderworld
•HewasthejealousbrothertoZeusandPoseidon.
•HemadePersephonehiswifeafterstealingherfromhermother,
Demeter,whowashissister.
•Becausehewasaviolentgod,whowasalsoverypossessiveofeverynewsoul,herarelylefthisunderworlddomain.
Athena-GoddessofWisdom,Justice,War,CivilizationandPeace
•ShewasbornfullgrownoutoftheheadofZeus.
•Shetaughtmantousetoolsandtaughthiswifetospinandweave.
•Shewasthebest-lovedgoddessonOlympus.
•ShehatedAres,godofwar,oftenbestinghiminbattle.
•TheGreekcityofAthensisnamedafterher.
•Shewassaidtohavecreatedthespider.
Apollo-TheSunGod;
GodofMusic,Poetry,Wisdom,LightandTruth
•HewasthetwinbrotherofArtemisandthemosthandsomeofthegods.
•Hewasalsothegodofthehealingartsandofmedicine.
•Hedrovehischariotacrosstheskytopullthesuneachday.
•Hisson,Phaethon,drivesApollo’ssunchariotwithdisastrousresults
Sowhatdoesthishavetodowithsuperheroes?
1.Inadditiontogodsandgoddesses,theGreeksincludedmanyheroesintheirmyths.Heroeswereeitherhumanordemigods(theoffspringofahumanandagodorgoddess).
2.MostsuperheroesoftodayhavetheiroriginsintheancientmythsofGreece,Rome,
andotheroldempires.Today,weworshipsuperheroesinthesamewaysweonceworshippedthegods.
ZeusandSuperman
BothSupermanandZeusarebornleaders,themostpowerfuloftheirrespectivegroups.Supermanisoftenthoughtofasgodlike,thealiendeitywhohasbecomeincrediblyprotectiveofhisadoptivehome.LikeZeus,Supermandonsadisguisesothathemaywalkamongthemortalsandseewhatlifeislikeontheground.Butbotharemuchmoreathomeinthesky,soaringaboveuslikethegodstheyare.
HadesandBatman
Thedarkprince,preferringundergroundquartersandwithunimaginablewealth
2.AsHadesisthedarkbrotherofZeus,sotoois