TED英语演讲.pptx

TED英语演讲.pptx

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PhilosophicalBreakfastClub,CharlesBabbageinventedfirstmechanicalcalculator.,JohnHerschelmappedstarsinsouthhemisphere.,RichardJonesanimportanteconomist,WilliamWhewellcreatedthewordsanode,cathodeandion,Thesefourbrilliant,drivenmenmetatCambridgeUniversityin1812madeanewname“scientist”towhoprofessionalwithaparticularscientificmethod,goals,societyandfunding.,IntheCambridgewinterof1812and1813,thefourmetforwhattheycalledphilosophicalbreakfasts.Theytalkedaboutscienceandtheneedforanewscientificrevolution.Itwastimetoarevolutionwhichtheypledgedtobringabout,andwhatssoamazingabouttheseguysis,notonlydidtheyhavethesegrandioseundergraduatedreams,buttheyactuallycarriedthemout,evenbeyondtheirwildestdreams.,MAJORCHANGESTOSCIENCE,1.anInductiveEvidence-BasedMethod2.ScienceforPublicGood3.NewScientificInstitutions4.ExternalFunding,vocalbulary,Inductivescientificmethod归纳法Differenceengine差分机Iteration,conditionalbranching,parallelprocessing迭代、条件跳转、并行处理Antiquarian,literarymanandthenobility古文物学家、文学家和贵族Flipside另一方面，对立的人,Q&A,Q1:

Whytheycalledthemselvesphilosophicalbreakfastclub?

A1:

Becausethefourbrilliantmanalwaystalkedabouttheirdreamsandscientificworkswhenbreakfast.,Q&A,Q2:

Whopaidtheequipmentandsupplies?

Wasthereprizesorfundsexistingforscientistsupto19century?

A2:

Naturalphilosophersthemselvespaidsuppliesandequipment.Thereexistedprizeoccasionally,butwereonlygivenaftertheworksolvedapracticalproblem.LatertheBritishAssociationbegantousetheextramoneygeneratedbytheclubtogivegrantsforresearchinastronomy,thetides,fossilfishandmanyotherareas.Thesegrantsnotonlyallowedlesswealthymentoconductresearch,buttheyalsoencouragedthinkingoutsidethebox,ratherthanjusttryingtosolveonepre-setquestion.,Q&A,Q3:

Whatstheflipsideoftheirrevolutionthattheclubdidnotforesee?

A3:

Todaythereisahugedisjunctionbetweenscienceandtherestofculture.Fromthefigure,thepercentofadultsthathaveevenaverybasiclevelofscienceliteracyissolow.Scientistsasaprofessionalgroupwereslowlywalledofffromtherestofus.HoweverjustasDarwinsaid,“Isometimesthinkthatgeneralandpopulartreatisesarealmostasimportantfortheprogressofscienceasoriginalwork.”,