英文文献及翻译计算机程序.docx

英文文献及翻译计算机程序.docx

《英文文献及翻译计算机程序.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英文文献及翻译计算机程序.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英文文献及翻译计算机程序

文件编码（GHTU-UITID-GGBKT-POIU-WUUI-8968）

英文文献及翻译计算机程序

姓名：

刘峻霖班级：

通信143班学号：

2014101108

ComputerLanguageandProgramming

I.Introduction

Programminglanguages,incomputerscience,aretheartificiallanguagesusedtowriteasequenceofinstructions（acomputerprogram）thatcanberunbyacomputer.Similartonaturallanguages,suchasEnglish,programminglanguageshaveavocabulary,grammar,andsyntax.However,naturallanguagesarenotsuitedforprogrammingcomputersbecausetheyareambiguous,meaningthattheirvocabularyandgrammaticalstructuremaybeinterpretedinmultipleways.Thelanguagesusedtoprogramcomputersmusthavesimplelogicalstructures,andtherulesfortheirgrammar,spelling,andpunctuationmustbeprecise.

Programminglanguagesvarygreatlyintheirsophisticationandintheirdegreeofversatility.Someprogramminglanguagesarewrittentoaddressaparticularkindofcomputingproblemorforuseonaparticularmodelofcomputersystem.Forinstance,programminglanguagessuchasFORTRANandCOBOLwerewrittentosolvecertaingeneraltypesofprogrammingproblems—FORTRANforscientificapplications,andCOBOLforbusinessapplications.Althoughtheselanguagesweredesignedtoaddressspecificcategoriesofcomputerproblems,theyarehighlyportable,meaningthattheymaybeusedtoprogrammanytypesofcomputers.Otherlanguages,suchasmachinelanguages,aredesignedtobeusedbyonespecificmodelofcomputersystem,orevenbyonespecificcomputerincertainresearchapplications.Themostcommonlyusedprogramminglanguagesarehighlyportableandcanbeusedtoeffectivelysolvediversetypesofcomputingproblems.LanguageslikeC,PASCALandBASICfallintothiscategory.

II.LanguageTypes

Programminglanguagescanbeclassifiedaseitherlow-levellanguagesorhigh-levellanguages.Low-levelprogramminglanguages,ormachinelanguages,arethemostbasictypeofprogramminglanguagesandcanbeunderstooddirectlybyacomputer.Machinelanguagesdifferdependingonthemanufacturerandmodelofcomputer.High-levellanguagesareprogramminglanguagesthatmustfirstbetranslatedintoamachinelanguagebeforetheycanbeunderstoodandprocessedbyacomputer.Examplesofhigh-levellanguagesareC,C++,PASCAL,andFORTRAN.Assemblylanguagesareintermediatelanguagesthatareveryclosetomachinelanguagesanddonothavetheleveloflinguisticsophisticationexhibitedbyotherhigh-levellanguages,butmuststillbetranslatedintomachinelanguage.

1.MachineLanguages

Inmachinelanguages,instructionsarewrittenassequencesof1sand0s,calledbits,thatacomputercanunderstanddirectly.Aninstructioninmachinelanguagegenerallytellsthecomputerfourthings:

（1）wheretofindoneortwonumbersorsimplepiecesofdatainthemaincomputermemory（RandomAccessMemory,orRAM）,

（2）asimpleoperationtoperform,suchasaddingthetwonumberstogether,（3）whereinthemainmemorytoputtheresultofthissimpleoperation,and（4）wheretofindthenextinstructiontoperform.Whileallexecutableprogramsareeventuallyreadbythecomputerinmachinelanguage,theyarenotallprogrammedinmachinelanguage.Itisextremelydifficulttoprogramdirectlyinmachinelanguagebecausetheinstructionsaresequencesof1sand0s.Atypicalinstructioninamachinelanguagemightread1001011001011andmeanaddthecontentsofstorageregisterAtothecontentsofstorageregisterB.

2.High-LevelLanguages

High-levellanguagesarerelativelysophisticatedsetsofstatementsutilizingwordsandsyntaxfromhumanlanguage.Theyaremoresimilartonormalhumanlanguagesthanassemblyormachinelanguagesandarethereforeeasiertouseforwritingcomplicatedprograms.Theseprogramminglanguagesallowlargerandmorecomplicatedprogramstobedevelopedfaster.However,high-levellanguagesmustbetranslatedintomachinelanguagebyanotherprogramcalledacompilerbeforeacomputercanunderstandthem.Forthisreason,programswritteninahigh-levellanguagemaytakelongertoexecuteanduseupmorememorythanprogramswritteninanassemblylanguage.

3.AssemblyLanguages

Computerprogrammersuseassemblylanguagestomakemachine-languageprogramseasiertowrite.Inanassemblylanguage,eachstatementcorrespondsroughlytoonemachinelanguageinstruction.Anassemblylanguagestatementiscomposedwiththeaidofeasytoremembercommands.ThecommandtoaddthecontentsofthestorageregisterAtothecontentsofstorageregisterBmightbewrittenADDB,Ainatypicalassemblylanguagestatement.Assemblylanguagessharecertainfeatureswithmachinelanguages.Forinstance,itispossibletomanipulatespecificbitsinbothassemblyandmachinelanguages.Programmersuseassembly

languageswhenitisimportanttominimizethetimeittakestorunaprogram,becausethetranslationfromassemblylanguagetomachinelanguageisrelativelysimple.Assemblylanguagesarealsousedwhensomepartofthecomputerhastobecontrolleddirectly,suchasindividualdotsonamonitorortheflowofindividualcharacterstoaprinter.

III.ClassificationofHigh-LevelLanguages

High-levellanguagesarecommonlyclassifiedasprocedure-oriented,functional,object-oriented,orlogiclanguages.Themostcommonhigh-levellanguagestodayareprocedure-orientedlanguages.Intheselanguages,oneormorerelatedblocksofstatementsthatperformsomecompletefunctionaregroupedtogetherintoaprogrammodule,orprocedure,andgivenanamesuchas“procedureA.”Ifthesamesequenceofoperationsisneededelsewhereintheprogram,asimplestatementcanbeusedtoreferbacktotheprocedure.Inessence,aprocedureisjusta

mini-program.Alargeprogramcanbeconstructedbygroupingtogetherproceduresthatperformdifferenttasks.Procedurallanguagesallowprogramstobeshorterandeasierforthecomputertoread,buttheyrequiretheprogrammertodesigneachproceduretobegeneralenoughtobeused

indifferentsituations.Functionallanguagestreatprocedureslikemathematicalfunctionsandallowthemtobeprocessedlikeanyotherdatainaprogram.Thisallowsamuchhigherandmorerigorouslevelofprogramconstruction.Functionallanguagesalsoallowvariables—symbolsfordatathatcanbespecifiedandchangedbytheuserastheprogramisrunning—tobegivenvaluesonlyonce.Thissimplifiesprogrammingbyreducingtheneedtobeconcernedwiththeexactorderofstatementexecution,sinceavariabledoesnothavetoberedeclared,orrestated,eachtimeitisusedinaprogramstatement.Manyoftheideasfromfunctionallanguageshavebecomekeypartsofmanymodernprocedurallanguages.Object-orientedlanguagesareoutgrowthsoffunctionallanguages.Inobject-orientedlanguages,thecodeusedtowritetheprogramandthedataprocessedbytheprogramaregroupedtogetherintounitscalledobjects.Objectsarefurthergroupedintoclasses,whichdefinetheattributesobjectsmusthave.AsimpleexampleofaclassistheclassBook.ObjectswithinthisclassmightbeNovelandShortStory.Objectsalsohavecertainfunctionsassociatedwiththem,calledmethods.Thecomputeraccessesanobjectthroughtheuseofoneoftheobject’smethods.Themethodperformssomeactiontothedataintheobjectandreturnsthisvaluetothecomputer.

Classesofobjectscanalsobefurthergroupedintohierarchies,inwhichobjectsofoneclasscaninheritmethodsfromanotherclass.Thestructureprovidedinobject-orientedlanguagesmakesthemveryusefulforcomplicatedprogrammingtasks.Logiclanguagesuselogicastheirmathematicalbase.Alogicprogramconsistsofsetsoffactsandif-thenrules,whichspecifyhowonesetoffactsmaybededucedfromothers,forexample:

IfthestatementXistrue,thenthestatementYisfalse.Intheexecutionofsuchaprogram,aninputstatementcanbelogicallydeducedfromotherstatementsintheprogram.Manyartificialintelligenceprogramsarewritteninsuchlanguages.

IV.LanguageStructureandComponents

Programminglanguagesusespecifictypesofstatements,orinstructions,toprovidefunctionalstructuretotheprogram.Astatementinaprogramisabasicsentencethatexpressesasimpleidea—itspurposeistogivethecomputerabasicinstruction.Statementsdefinethetypesofdataallowed,howdataaretobemanipulated,andthewaysthatproceduresandfunctionswork.Programmersusestatementstomanipulatecommoncomponentsofprogramminglanguages,suchasvariablesandmacros（mini-programswithinaprogram）.Statementsknownasdatadeclarationsgivenamesandpropertiestoelementsofaprogramcalledvariables.Variablescanbeassigneddifferentvalueswithintheprogram.Thepropertiesvariablescanhavearecalledtypes,andtheyincludesuchthingsaswhatpossiblevaluesmightbesavedinthevariables,howmuchnumericalaccuracyistobeusedinthevalues,andhowonevariablemayrepresentacollectionofsimplervaluesinanorganizedfashion,suchasatableorarray.Inmanyprogramminglanguages,akeydatatypeisapointer.Variablesthatarepointersdonotthemselveshavevalues;instead,theyhaveinformationthatthecomputercanusetolocatesomeothervariable—thatis,theypointtoanothervariable.Anexpressionisapieceofastatementthatdescribesaseriesofcomputationstobeperformedonsomeoftheprogram’svariables,suchasX+Y/Z,inwhichthevariablesareX,Y,andZandthecomputationsareadditionanddivision.Anassignmentstatementassignsavariableavaluederivedfromsomeexpression,whileconditionalstatementsspecifyexpressionstobetestedandthenusedtoselectwhichotherstatementsshouldbeexecutednext.

Procedureandfunctionstatementsdefinec