新版英语国家概况串讲资料美国加拿大澳洲新西兰部分Word格式.docx

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E.changesinagestructureduringthe1990s:

BabyBoom（1946-1964）

Ⅱ.RacerelationsintheUnitedStates

A.Blacks（theAfricanAmericans）

（a）ThelargestoftheracialandethnicminoritiesintheUnitedStates（12.%ofthewholepopulation）

（b）ThefirstblackswerebroughttoNorthAmericaasslavesin1619.

\（c\）TheslavesystemwasformallyendedbyPresidentAbrahamLincoln'

sEmancipationProclamationissuedin1863andtheThirteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionin1865.Butevenaftertheabolitionofslaveryasaninstitution,openandcovet,organizedorindividualdiscriminationwaspracticedagainstblackAmericans.

（d）In1954,thecaseofBrownvs.BoardofEducation,inwhichtheSupremeCourtruledthat"

separateeducationalfacilitiesareinherentlyunequal"

.

（e）TheCivilRightsMovementinthe1960s.RiotsbrokeoutinNewYork,Chicago,LosAngelesandothercities.

（f）TheCivilRightsActof1964:

protectionsfortherighttovote,tousepublicfacilities,andenjoythesameeducationaswhitepeople.

（g）TheVotingRightsActof1965:

guaranteetheblacksandotherstherighttovote.

ChapterFifteenAmericanHistory（I）（1600-1900）

I.ThediscoveryoftheNewWorld

A.TheIndians:

thefirstAmericans;

about30,000to40,000yearsago;

B.ChristopherColumbus:

anItaliannavigator,supportedbytheSpanishqueen;

inthelate15thcentury.1492."

discovered"

America;

C.AmerigoVespucci:

thelandnamedafterhim;

Ⅱ.TheColonialPeriod:

A.ThefirstEnglishcolonyintheAmericas:

atJamestown,Virginia,1607;

B.ThethirteenBritishcolonies（1607-1773）:

Virginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.

C.ThereasonsfortheimmigrantstocometoNorthAmerica:

1.opportunity:

（a）theEnglishnobles:

establishgreatnewestates;

（b）carpenters,bakers,tailors,andotherskilledworkmen:

findjobs;

\（c\）thepoorandthehomeless:

toliveabetterlife;

2.Freedom:

religiousandpoliticalfreedom:

ThePilgrims:

1620,201:

Mayflower;

thePlymouthColony;

artisansandpeasants;

TheThanksgivingcelebration;

ThePuritans:

wealthy,well-educatedgentlemen;

purifytheChurchofEngland;

FromMarch1630to1643,some200shipstransportedover20,000EnglishmentotheMassachusettsBaycolony.

Majorview:

highpositionandachievementsassignsof"

eternalgrace"

favorofGod;

respectforlearning;

3.ThemajorfeatureshelpingtoformtheAmericancharacter:

representativeformofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectforindividualrights,religioustolerance,andastrongspiritofindividualenterprise.

III.TheWarofIndependence

A.Thereasons:

（a）economicreasons:

1.ThepolicyoftheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentoftheeconomyinNorthAmericaunderitsowncontrolandtocollectmoretaxes.2.TheBritishgovernmentputataxonthemolassesimportedfromtheWestIndieswhichcouldbemadeintorum（akindofalcohol）forexportation.3.InordertofinancealargearmystationedinAmerica,theBritishgovernmentputintoeffecttheStampTax,collectingmoremoneyfromthecoloniestosupportthearmy,andrequiringthecoloniestoprovidethetroopswithfuel,light,beddingandothergoods.4.tosellteaatalowerpriceinthecolonies,whichhithardthelocalbusiness.

（b）politicalreason:

"

Notaxationwithoutrepresentation"

thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecision-making,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxes.

B.TheBostonTeaPartyin1773（Explanationp293textbook）;

C.TheFirstContinentalCongressinSeptember1774inPhiladelphia:

D.Thebattles（shots）inLexingtonandConcord（onApril19,1775）:

PaulRevere

E.TheSecondContinentalCongress:

foundedtheArmyandtheNavy:

appointedacommitteetodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence;

draftedtheArticlesofConfederationin1777;

F.TheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4,1776:

ThomasJefferson;

"

Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident:

thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness...."

;

JohnLocke;

G.Agreatvictoryforthecolonies:

thebattlesatTrenton,NewJerseyonChristmasDayof1776.

H.TheturningpointintheWarofIndependence:

thevictoryovertheBritishtroopsatSaratogainNorthernNewYork,leadingdirectlytoanalliancebetweentheU.S.andFrance.

I.TheTreatyofParisinSeptember,1783:

BritishrecognitionoftheindependenceoftheUnitedStates;

J.ThesignificanceoftheAmericanWarofIndependence:

（a）smashingthefettersofBritishcolonialrule,theAmericanpeoplegainedindependence,whichgavecapitalismachanceforfreerdevelopment;

（b）internationalinfluence:

thecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrule.

Ⅳ.ANewFormofGovernment

*ThereweretwoconstitutionsinAmericanhistory:

TheArticlesofConfederationin1781andtheU.S.Constitutiondraftedin1787andofficiallyratifiedonMarch4,1789.

A.TheArticlesofConfederation:

1781:

（a）providednoking;

decidedtohavearepublic;

itwasrevolutionary;

（b）whileacentralgovernmentwascreated,theemphasiswasstillonstatepowers;

\（c\）itwasawrittenconstitutionoftheUnitedStates;

thefirstwrittenoneatthattime,

（d）Itsweaknesses:

difficulttocarryonthebusinessofthegovernmentwithoutsomeone'

sdoingtheexecutive'

sjob;

besides,Congresswastoolargeabodytofunctionasgovernment;

Congresshadnopowertoraisetaxes.

B.TheConstitutionalConvention:

MaytoSeptember17,1787.

The"

GreatCompromise"

:

givingeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHouseofRepresentativesreflectthesizeofthestate'

spopulation.ThefinaldocumentwasputbeforetheconventiononSeptember17andwassignedby39ofthe42delegateswhoattendedtheconventionthatday.

C.Theratificationoftheconstitution:

（a）TheFederalists:

andthefederalistpapers;

thePublius:

AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,JohnJay

（b）theAnti-Federalists:

\（c\）BillofRights:

proposedbyJamesMadisonandratifiedin1791.

（d）thefirsttenamendmentsoftheUSConstitution:

Itguaranteesfreedomofreligion,freedomofspeech,freedomofthepress,freedomoftheassemblyandpetition,freedomfromunreasonablesearches,righttojurytrial,righttodueprocessoflawandotherlegalrights.

D.thefirstgeneralelectionwasheldtowardstheendof1788,andthefirstCongressmetonApril6,1789;

Sixty-nine（69）electorsallvotedtochooseGeorgeWashingtonasthePresidentwhileJohnAdamswaselectedVicePresidentbyavoteof34.Onthe30thofApril,WashingtontookoathofofficeinNewYorkwhichhousedthegovernment.ThegovernmentmovedtoPhiladelphiain1790.

Ⅴ.TheWarof1812

A.ThewarbetweentheUnitedStatesandBritainlastedtwoyearsfrom1812to1814.

B.Thecausesofthewar:

（a）TheBritishwasannoyedattheAmericantradewithFranceduringtheAnglo-Frenchwar

（b）TheAmericansresentedtheBritishpracticeofimpressingorforciblyremovingseamenfromshipsongroundsthattheywereBritishsubjects.

\（c\）TheUnitedStateswantedaterritorialexpansionintoCanadaorSpanishFlorida,whichharmedtheBritishinterests.（TheLouisianaPurchasein1803）

C.TheimpactofthewaronthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates:

（a）Peoplerealizedtheimportanceofastrongnationalgovernment.

（b）Thewarstrengthenedthefeelingofnationalunityandpatriotism.

\（c\）TheAmericansturnedtheirattentiontothedevelopmentofwesternpartofthecontinent.（TheWestwardMovement）

（d）Bothcountriesrealizedthattheirdisputeshadtobesolvedthroughnegotiation.

V.TerritorialExpansionandWestwardMovement

A.Territorialexpansion

（a）TheseizureoftheOldNorthwestfromBritainthroughthe13yearsofIndianwars（Present-dayOhio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,andWisconsin）andforcingSpaintoopentheMississippiRiver.

（b）TheLouisianaPurchasein1803foronly15milliondollars;

\（c\）ledbyAndrewJackson,forcingSpaintocedeFloridaandtheGulfCoast;

（d）Texas,addedtotheUnionin1845;

（e）TheWarwithMexico（1846-1848）;

forcedMexicotoagreetogiveCaliforniaandNewMexico（nowthestatesofArizona,NewMexico,Utah,Nevada,Colorado,andWyoming）totheUnitedStates.

（f）TheGadsdenPurchasein1583,another30,000squaremilesofMexicanland（nowthesouthernpartofArizonaandNewMexico）wasaddedtotheterritoryoftheUnitedStates.

B.TheManifestDestiny（Explanation）

（a）FirstproposedbyJohnL.O'

Sullivan:

Threeimplications,

（b）TheinevitabilityofthefoundingoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica;

\（c\）thelegitimacyoftheexpansionofAmericanTerritory;

（d）thesp