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WiththedeeperunderstandingofAmericanlanguage’spolicystudy,sociologisttendstotheimplicationoftheEnglishOnlyMovements.Thecontentofitcanbedividedintotwoparts:
oneistolegislateforEnglishastheofficiallanguage.TheotheristolegislateforEnglishastheonlylanguageinAmerica.Fromtheofficiallanguagetotheonlylanguage,Americanlanguagefinallyisassimilated.TheassimilatingoflanguagehasgivenenlightenmenttoSociologist.Duetothecloserrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,theassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculturebecomesahotpotamongthem.SomescholarseventrytolookforthereasonswhichleadtounifyAmericanlanguage.Americanimmigrantculturevaluecrashesintotheireyes.Inonesliceoftime,debatecan’tbeintermittent.However,thepositionofAmericandominantculturecan’tbeshook.ThereisnodoubtthatthenewimmigrantsenrichAmericanculture,buttheycan’tchangethepatternofAmericansocietyandcan’tformthenewpatternandnationality.SotheassimilationoflanguageisjustthesuperficialphenomenonoftheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculture.
Languageisthecarrierofculture.Languageisalsotheacceptanceandsymbolofnationalidentity.ThesocialanthropologistMalinowskioncesaidthatlanguageisthespiritofanationality.ForAmericafilledwithimmigrantsfrommanycountries,languageisparticularlyimportant.From1980to2001,withthedevelopmentoftheEnglishOnlyMovements,Bilingualeducationisabolishedandistakenplacebymonolingualeducation,whichmeansAmericanimmigrantlanguageisassimilated.Inotherwords,theirownlanguagemaydisappearnosooner.Withthedisappearanceoflanguage,whataregonewitharethenationalspecialcognitiveapproach,cognitiveorigin,culturalcharacteristics,wordviewandvalue.Allofthese,whatismoreimportantistheimmigrantvalue,whichcanaffectimmigrants’behaviors.SoAmericanimmigrantculturewillbeassimilatedinashorttime.ThepaperaimsatanalyzingtheAmericanimmigrantculturefromAmericanlanguagepolicy,analyzingtheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantfromtheEnglishOnlyMovements.
Fromtheangleofimmigrantfamilies,assimilationcanremovetheconflictsbetweenparentsandchildren.Inafamily,ifparentsareimmigrantsandtheirchildrenareborninAmerica.Insomeway,theirchildrenareAmerican.It’stheAmericaneducationthatthechildrenreceiveandtheculturetheyacceptisAmericandominantculture(WASP).Ifparentsstillreservetheirownculture,conflictsbetweenparentscan’tbeavoided.Besides,assimilatingimmigrantscanhelpthemintegrateintoAmericansocietymorequickly.What’smore,assimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureisconductiveforthedevelopmentofAmericanpoliticsandeconomy.UnifyingAmericanimmigrantculturevaluecanleadtoAmericanconsistentworldviewandviewoflife,whichcanavoidconflictsfromvariousnations.UnifyingAmericanimmigrantreligiousbeliefwhichisAmericannationalideologycancontributetopoliticlife.
ChapterTwoLiteratureReview
Beforestartingwritingthispaper,theauthorhascollectedapileofbooksaboutassimilation;
alsotheauthorhascollectedsomuchinformationinCNKI.Therefore,theauthorhasageneralknowledgeofassimilation’sconnotationandAmericanlanguagepolicy’shistory.
2.1Relatedresearchesonassimilationataboard
AssimilationfirstappearsinaletterfromafarmerwrittenbyLeif.Heusedtheword-“thenewpeople”embodyassimilation.Inthelate1900s,theAmericandistinguishedhistorianTenacanhadgivenhisapprovalforLeif’sidea,buthethoughtwhatAmericahadfusedis“amixedrace”.Intheearly2000s,JewishwriterIsraelZengerwellputforwardthatAmericaisthesmelterofthegodinhisworks--smelter.ItisagreatsmelterwhichhaschangedEuropeanvariousraces.Theconceptof“smelterhaspushedforwardwithassimilation.In1920s,themovementscalledahundredofAmericansocializedtheconceptofassimilation.In1960s,assimilationreferstovariousracesinAmericaadjustedthemselvestoacceptculturewhichregardedAnglo-Saxonasthecenter.SociologistGordonin1964inthe"
assimilationofAmericanlife:
race,religiousbeliefsandtheroleoftheoriginalethnic"
dividedassimilationintoseveralparts:
cultural,structural,marital,identity,attitudeacceptance,behavioralacceptance,andsecularfromthechangeofAmericanimmigrantsocietyfamilyevolution.GeorgeEatonSimpsondefiniteassimilationinits"
nationalassimilation"
thatitisaprocessthatpeoplewhosebackgroundsaredifferentliveinabiggercommunity,inwhichpeoplegetridoftheirintrinsicbackgroundandcultureandcommunicatewitheachother.Therearealsoresearcherswhothoughtthatassimilationistoleteachimmigrantapproveofimmigrant-acceptingsocialvauleandculturalpatternwithdiversifiedmethods.Meanwhile,theimmigrantsshouldgiveuptheirsenseofidentitytowardsowncountry’sculture.
Therearefewresearchesaboutassimilationinourcountries.HuangYaoqungaveasimpleintroductiontotheexperienceandtheenvironmentofAmericanracesandthecharacterofculturein“UndertheFurnaceFlame-----Americanimmigrants,nationandraces”.AndhealsomadecommentsontheUnitStatenation’sconcept,theprocessofformationandcharacters.DengShusheng,intheAmericanDreams-AmericanImmigrationCourseandEthnicContradictionmakeresearchesonimmigrants,Americansocietytransition,andthechangeofAmericanimmigrantpolicyandthehistoricaldestinyofminorities.
2.2TheEnglishOnlyMovementsRelatedResearchesathomeandaboard
Language,asthebasicwaysofcommunicating,isalwaysthehotspotamongAmericanscholars.TherearealsomanyvariousopinionsaboutwhetheradaptsBilingualEducationorEnglishOnlyEducation.AmericandistinguishedhistorianArthurMeierSchlesingerJr.ofthetimethinkthatAmericaisacountrywithmanynations,theonlywaytolinkthemtogetheristhecommonlanguage.In1997,Americanbillionaire·
K·
AngzeinSiliconValleyorganizedagroupnamed“Englishforthechildren”inCalifornia,aimingatabolishingBilingualEducation.Inordertoachievetheaim,theyalsodraftedproposition227.
ThereisalonghistoryoftheEnglishOnlyidentification.Inthe"
BibleGenesis”,theTowerofBabelstoryliterallyexplainsthereasonofvariouslanguagesinhumansociety,italsoexplainsakindofconcept:
Atthebeginningoflife,usingonlylanguageisbetter,variouslanguagesmeanworse,whichwasthepunishmenttohumansfromtheGod.Asweallknow,BiblehasagreatinfluenceonEuropeansociety.Soatthebeginning,Europeanlanguageculturebelievedinmonolingualtraditionandthoughtonlyonelanguageisgood.Infact,thetraditionisakindofideologywhichhasagreatpowerandisthecenterofEuropeanlanguagecultureview.
Inagesofcolonialismandearlynationalism,thereweremanypeoplewhosupportthemonolingualsocialistsuchasBenjaminFranklinandNoahWebster.Theystandfortheearlynativists’thoughts.Facingthedisorderedsituationwherelanguagesweremixed,JohnAdamswasworried.In1780,heproposedtotheCongresstoestablishanAmericanlanguagestudysothatitcanperfect,correctandpromoteEnglish.JohnJay(1745-1832)alsoexpressedhiswishesofunifyinglanguagesinthe"
FederalistsCollection”,thelanguagehereferredabsolutelyisEnglish.NativistsregardedleaningEnglishasasymbolofpatriotism,andisalsoanimportantpartofAmericanization.AndsayingEnglishmeansAmerica.Inearly1800sand1900s,thenativistssucceededinmakingEnglishasoneofthenecessaryconditionsforcitizenshiptobecomecitizens.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,EnglishisamajorpartoftheAmericanmovementofthousandsofnewimmigrants(McClymer,1982).Peoplewhosaidotherlanguageshadtoyieldtothistendency.
ChapterThreeTheRelationshipBetweenEnglishandImmigrantCultureContributestoAssimilation
Inlastchapter,theauthorgivesageneralunderstandingofassimilation’sandtheEnglishMovement’sconcept.Thatishelpfulforlearnerstolearntheirrelationshipsinchapter3.Thereisnodoubtthatrelationshipisimportantfortwomattersthatcanaffecteachother,becausewithoutthat,weshouldn’thaveanalyzedclearly.Thereisnoexceptiontotheirrelationships,forthereasondifferentpeoplehavedifferentidea.Accordingtotheirstresspoints,theauthordiscussesasfollowed.
3.1ThefunctionandroleofEnglish
Languageisnotonlytheimportantcommunicatetoolsforhumanbeingbutalsoisthemaincognitivechannel.Itsimportancealsoembodiesinitsrelationswithnations.Languageisnotonlythecarrierofculturebutalsoisthesurvivalanddevelopmentpowerofculture.Besidesit’sthefundamentalcharacterofanation,it’salsoalifelineofanation.Meanwhileithastheabilitytoassimilateandunifysociety.In1998,the"
officialmovementofEnglish"
highlightedtheimportanceoflanguageinthenationandculture.Also,itpromptedustoreflectonthelanguageofsocialunityandassimilationfunction.
Following,theauthorwillanalyzethefunctionofEnglish