7A文雅思学术类阅读真题.docx

7A文雅思学术类阅读真题.docx

《7A文雅思学术类阅读真题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《7A文雅思学术类阅读真题.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

7A文雅思学术类阅读真题

READING1

READINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

AIRPORTSONWATER

Riverdeltasaredifficultplacesformapmakers.Theirriverbuildthemup,theseaswearsthemdown;theiroutlinesarealwayschangingThechangesinChina'sPearlRiverdelta,however,aremoredramaticthanthesenaturalfluctuations.AnislandsiGkilometreslongandwithatotalareaof1248hectaresisbeingcreatedthere.Andthecivilengineersareasinterestedinperformanceasinspeedandsize.Thisisabitofthedelatthantheywanttoendure.

ThenewislandofChekLapKok,thesiteofHongKong'smewairport,is83%complete.Thegiantdumpertrucksrumblingacrossitwillhavefinishedtheirjobbythemiddleofthisyearandtheairportitselfwillbebuiltatasimilarlybreakneckpace.

AsChekLapKokrises,however,anothernewAsianinlandissinkingbackintotheseas.Thisisa520-hectareislandbuiltinOsakaBay,Japan,thatservesastheplatformforthenewKansaiairport,ChekLapKokwasbuiltinadifferentway,andthushopestoavoidthesamesinkingfate.

Theusualwaystoreclaimlandistopilesandrockontotheseabed.Whentheseabedoozeswithmud,thisisratherlikeplacingateGtbookonawetsponge:

theweightsqueezesthewaterout,causingbothwaterandspongetosettlelower.Thesettlementisrarelyeven:

differentpartssinkatdifferentrates.Sobuildings,pipes,roadsandsoontendtobuckleandcrack.Youcanengineeraroundtheseproblems,oryoucanengineerthemout.Kansaitookthefirstapproach;ChekLapKokistakingthesecond.

Thedifferencesarebothpoliticalandgeological.Kansaiwassupposedtobebuiltjustonekilometreoffshore,wheretheseabedisquitesolid.Fishermenprotested,andthesitewasshiftedafurtherfivekilometres.Thatputitindeeperwater（around20metres）andaboveaseabedthatconsistedof20metresofsoftalluvialsiltandmuddeposits.Worse,belowitwasanot-very-firmglacialdeposithundredsofmetresthick.

TheKansaibuildersrecognisedthatsettlementwasinevitable.Sanswasdrivenintotheseabedtostrengthenitbeforethelandfillwaspiledontop,inanattempttoslowtheprocess;butthishasnotbeenaseffectiveashadbeenhoped.Tocopewithsettlement,Kansai'sgiantterminalissupportedon900pillars.Eachofthemcanbeindividuallyjackedup.allowingwedgestobeaddedunderneath.Thatismeanttokeepthebuildinglevel.Butitcouldbeatrickytask.

ConditionsaredifferentatChekLapKok.Therewassomelandtheretobeginwith,theoriginallittleislandofChekLapKokandsmalleroutcropcalledLamChau.Betweenthem,thesetwooutcropsofhard,weatheredgranitemakeupaquarterofthenewisland'ssurfacearea.Unfortunately,betweentheislandstherewasalayerofsoftmud,27metresthickinplaces.

AccordingtoFransUiterwijk,aDutchmanwhoistheproject'sreclamationdirector,itwouldhavebeenpossibletoleavethismudbelowthereclaimedland,andtodealwiththeresultingsettlementbytheKansaimethod.Buttheconsortiumthatwonthecontractfortheislandoptedforamoreaggressiveapproach.Itassembledtheworld'slargestfleetofdredges,whichsuckedup150mcubicmetresofclayandmudanddumpeditindeeperwaters.Atthesametime,sandwasdredgedfromthewatersandpiledontopofthelayerofstiffclaythatthemassivedredginghadlaidbare.

Norwasthesandtheonlythingused.Theoriginalgraniteislandwhichhandhillsupto120metreshighwasdrilledandblastedintobouldersnobiggerthantwometresindiameter.Thisprovided70mcubicmetresofgranitetoaddtotheisland'sfoundations.Becausetheheapofbouldersdoesnotfillthespaceperfectly,thisrepresentstheequivalentof105mcubicmetresoflandfill.Mostoftherockwillbecomethefoundationsfortheairport'srunwaysanditstaGiways.Thesanddredgedfromthewaterswillalsobeusedtoprovideatwo-metrecappinglayeroverthegraniteplatform.Thismakesiteasierforutilitiestodigtrenches-graniteisunyieldingstuff.MostoftheterminalbuildingswillbeplacedabovethesiteoftheeGistingisland.Onlyalimitedamountofpile-drivingisneededtosupportbuildingfoundationsabovesofterareas.

ThecompletedislandwillbesiGtosevenmetresabovesealevel.Inall,350mcubicmetresofmaterialwillhavebeenmoved.Andmuchofit,liketheoverloads,hastobemovedseveraltimesbeforereachingitsfinalrestingplace.ForeGample,therewastobeamotorwaycapableofcarrying150-tonnedump-trucks;andtherehastobearaisedareaforthe15,000constructionworkers.Thesearetemporary;theywillberemovedwhentheairportisfinished.

Theairport,though,isheretostay.Toprotectit,thenewcoastlineisbeingbolsteredwithaformidabletwelvekilometresofseadefences.ThebruntofatyphoonwillbedeflectedbytheneighbouringislandofLantau;theseawallsshouldguardagainsttherest.Gentlerbutmorepersistentbadweather-thedownpoursofthesummermonsoon-isalsobeingtakenintoaccount.Amat-likematerialcalledgeoteGtileisbeinglaidacrosstheislandtoseparatetherockandsandlayers.Thatwillstopsandparticlesfrombeingwashedintotherockvoids,andsocausingfurthersettlement.Thisislandisbeingbuiltnevertobesunk.

Questions1-5

Classifythefollowingstatementsasapplyingto

ACheckLapKokairportonly

BKansaiairportonly

CBothairports

WritetheappropriatelettersA-CinboGes1-5onyouranswersheet.

EGampleAnswer

builtonaman-madeislandC

1havinganareaofover1000hectares

2builtinariverdelta

3builtintheopensea

4builtbyreclaimingland

5builtusingconventionalmethodsofreclamation

Questions6-9

CompletethelabelsonDiagramBbelow.

ChooseyouranswersfromtheboGbelowthediagramandwritetheminboGes6-9onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemorewords/phrasesthanspaces,soyouwillnotusethemall.

DIAGRAMA

Cross-sectionoftheoriginalareaaroundChekLapKokbeforeworkbegan.

DIAGRAMB

Cross-sectionofthesameareaatthetimethearticlewaswritten。

graniterunwaysandtaGiwaysmudwaterterminalbuildingsitestiffclaysand

Questions10-13

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseyouranswersfromtheboGbelowthesummaryandwritetheminboGes10-13onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemorewordsthanspaces,soyouwillnousethemall.

AnswerWhenthenewChekLapKokairporthasbeencompleted,theraiseareaandthe...（EGample）...willberemoved.motorway

Theislandwillbepartiallyprotectedfromstormsby...（10）...andalsoby...

（11）....Furthersettlementcausedby...（12）...willbepreventedbytheuseof

...（13）....

constructionworkerscoastlinedump-trucksgeoteGtileLantanIslandmotorwayrainfallrockandsandrockvoidsseawallstyphoons

READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-27whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.

Questions14-18

ReadingPassage2hassiGparagraphsA-F.

ChoosehemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writetheappropriatenumbers（i-iG）inboGes14-18onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphs,soyouwillnotusethemall.

ListofHeadings

i.OttawaInternationalConferenceon

ii.Holisticapproachtohealth

iii.Theprimaryimportanceofenvironmentalfactors

iv.Healthylifestylesapproachtohealth

v.ChangesinconceptsofhealthinWesternsociety

vi.Preventionofdiseasesandillness

vii.OttawaCharterforHealthPromotion

viii.Definitionofhealthinmedicalterms

ix.Socio-ecologicalviewofhealth

EGampleAnswer

ParagraphAv

14ParagraphB

15ParagraphC

16ParagraphD

17ParagraphE

18ParagraphF

ChangingourUnderstandingofHealth

ATheconceptofhealthholdsdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeopleandgroups.Thesemeaningsofhealthhavealsochangedovertime.ThischangeisnomoreevidentthaninWesternsocietytoday,whennotionsofhealthandhealthpromotionarebeingchallengedandeGpandedinnewways.

BFormuchofrecentWesternhistory,healthhasbeenviewedinthephysicalsenseonly.Thatis,goodhealthhasbeenconnectedtothesmoothmechanicaloperationofthebody,whileillhealthhasbeenattributedtoabreakdowninthismachine.Healthinthissensehasbeendefinedastheabsenceofdiseaseorillnessandisseeninmedicalcaretotreatorpreventdiseaseandillness.Duringthisperiod.therewasanemphasisonprovidingcleanwater,improvedsanitationandhousing.

CInthelate1940stheWorldHealthOrganisationchallengedthisphysicallyandmedicallyorientedviewofhealth.Theystatedthat'healthisacompletestateofphysical,mentalandsocialwell-beingandisnotmerelytheabsenceofdisease'（WHO,1946）.Healthandthepersonwereseenmoreholistically（mind/body/spirit）andnotjustinphysicalterms.

DThe1970swasstimeoffocusingonthepreventionofdiseaseandillnessbyemphasisingtheimportanceofthelifestyleandbehaviouroftheindividual.Specificbehaviourswhichwereseentoincreaseriskofdisease,suchassmoking,lackoffitnessandunhealthyeatinghabits,weretargeted.Creatinghealthmeantprovidingnotonlymedicalhealthcare,buthealthpromotionprogramsandpolicieswhichwouldhelppeoplemaintainhealthybehavioursandlifestyles.Whilethisindividualistichealthylifestylesapproachtohealthworkedforsome（thewealthymembersofsociety）,peopleeGperiencingpoverty,unemployment,underemploymentorlittlecontrolovertheconditionsoftheirdailylivesbenefitedlittlefromthisapproach.Thiswaslargelybecauseboththehealthylifestylesapproachandthemedicalapproachtohealthlargelyignoredthesocialandenvironmentalconditionsaffectingthehealthofpeople.

EDuringthe1980sand1990stherehasbeenagrowingswingawayfromseeinglifestylerisksastherootcauseofpoorhealth.Whilelifestylefactorsstillremainimportant,healthisbeingviewedalsointermsofthesocial,economicandenvironmentalconteGtsinwhichpeoplelive.Thisbroadapproachtohealthiscalledthesocio-ecologicalviewofhealth.Thebroadsocio-ecologicalviewofhealthwasendorsedatthefirstInternationalConferenceofHealthPromotionheldin1986,Ottawa,Canada,wherepeoplefrom38countriesagreedanddeclaredthat:

Thefundamentalconditionsandresourcesforhealtharepeace,shelter,education,food,aviableincome,astableeco-system,sustainableresources,socialjusticeandequity.Improvementinhealthrequiresasecurefoundationnthesebasicrequirements.（WHO,1986）Itisclearfromthisstatementthatthecreationofhealthisaboutmuchmorethanencouraginghealthyindividualbehavioursandlifestylesandprovidingappropriatemedicalcare.Therefore,hecreationofhealthmushincludeaddressingissuessuchaspoverty,pollution,urbanisation,naturalresourcedepletion,socialalienationandpoorworkingconditions.Thesocial,economicandenvironmentalconteGtswhichcontributetothecreationofhealthdonotoperateseparatelyorindependentlyofeachother.Rather,theyareinteractingandinterdependent,anditisthecompleGinterrelationshipsbetweenthemwhichdeterminetheconditionsthatpromotehealth.Abroadsocio-ecologicalsocial,economicandenvironmentalfocus.

FAttheOttawaConferencein1986,acharterwasdevelopedwhichoutlinednewdirectionsforhealthpromotionbasedonthesocio-ecologicalviewofhealth.Thischarter,knownastheOttawaCharterforHeal