计算机网络 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 新技术的计算机网络.docx

计算机网络 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 新技术的计算机网络.docx

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计算机网络外文翻译外文文献英文文献新技术的计算机网络

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一、原文

Newtechniqueofthecomputernetwork

Abstract

The21centuryisanagesoftheinformationeconomy,beingthecomputernetworktechniqueofrepresentativetechniquesthisages,willbeatveryfastspeeddevelopsoonincontinuouslycreatively,andwillgodeepintothepeople'swork,lifeandstudy.Therefore,controlthistechniqueandthenseemtobemoretodelivertheimportance.NowImainlyintroducethenewtechniqueofafewnetworksinactualityliveofapplication.

keywords

Internet  DigitalCertificates   DigitalWallets   GridStorage

1.Foreword

Internetturns36,stillaworkinprogress

Thirty-sixyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycable,testinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworks,whatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress.

Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenetworktoreduceSpam（junkmail）andsecuritytroubles.

Allthewhilethreatsloom:

Criticswarnthatcommercial,legalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday.

StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.2,1969,asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuary,threeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork.

Thencamee-mailafewyearslater,acorecommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IPinthelate70s,thedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb-nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail-in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld.

Today,CrockercontinuesworkontheInternet,designingbettertoolsforcollaboration.AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet'skeyoversightbody,heistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats.

HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinished,andchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapackets,andCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandstuttersnowcommonwithvideo.

Cerf,nowatMCIInc.,saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.,amongothers,arecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated-awaytocutdownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses.

Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn'thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipes,orbandwidth,Cerfsaid.

2.DigitalCertificates

DigitalcertificatesaredatafilesusedtoestablishtheidentityofpeopleandelectronicassetsontheInternet.Theyallowforsecure,encryptedonlinecommunicationandareoftenusedtoprotectonlinetransactions.

Digitalcertificatesareissuedbyatrustedthirdpartyknownasacertificationauthority（CA）.TheCAvalidatestheidentityofacertificateholderand“signs”thecertificatetoattestthatithasn’tbeenforgedoralteredinanyway.

NewUsesForDigitalCertificates

Digitalcertificatesarenowbeingusedtoprovidesecurityandvalidationforwirelessconnections,andhardwaremanufacturersareoneofthelatestgroupstousethem.Notlongago,VersionInc.announceditsCableModemAuthenticationServices,whichallowhardwaremanufacturerstoembeddigitalcertificatesintocablemodemstohelppreventthepiratingofbroadbandservicesthroughdevicecloning.

UsingVersionsoftware,hardwaremakerscangeneratecryptographickeysandcorrespondingdigitalcertificatesthosemanufacturersorcableserviceproviderscanusetoautomaticallyidentifyindividualmodems.

This‘ast-mile’authenticationnotonlyprotectsthevalueofexistingcontentandservicesbutalsopositionscablesystemoperatorstobringabroadnewrangeofcontent,applicationsandvalue-addedservicestomarket.

WhenaCAdigitallysignsacertificate,itsownercanuseitasanelectronicpassporttoprovehisidentity.ItcanbepresentedtoWebsites,networksorindividualsthatrequiresecureaccess.

Identifyinginformationembeddedinthecertificateincludestheholder’snameande-mailaddress,thenameoftheCA,aserialnumberandanyactivationorexpirationdataforthecertificate.WhentheCAverifiesauser’sidentity,thecertificateusestheholder’spublicencryptionkeytoprotectthisdata.

CertificatesthataWebserverusestoconfirmtheauthenticityofaWebsiteforauser’sbrowseralsoemploypublickeys.WhenauserwantstosendconfidentialinformationtoaWebserver,suchasacredit-cardnumberforanonlinetransaction,thebrowserwillaccessthepublickeyintheserver’sdigitalcertificatetoverifyitsidentity.

RoleofPublic-KeyCryptography

Thepublickeyisonehalfofapairofkeysusedinpublic-keycryptography,whichprovidesthefoundationfordigitalcertificates.

Public-keycryptographyusesmatchedpublicandprivatekeysforencryptionanddecryption.Thesekeyshaveanumericalvaluethat’susedbyanalgorithmtoscrambleinformationandmakeitreadableonlytouserswiththecorrespondingdecryptionkey.

Otherstoencryptinformationmeantonlyforthatpersonuseaperson’spublickey.Whenhereceivestheinformation,heuseshiscorrespondingprivatekey,whichiskeptsecret,todecryptthedata.Aperson'spublickeycanbedistributedwithoutdamagingtheprivatekey.AWebserverusingadigitalcertificatecanuseitsprivatekeytomakesurethatonlyitcandecryptconfidentialinformationsenttoitovertheInternet.

TheWebserver’scertificateisvalidatedbyaself-signedCAcertificatethatidentifiestheissuingCA.CAcertificatesarepreinstalledonmostmajorWebbrowsers,includingMicrosoftInternetExplorerandNetscapeNavigator.

TheCAcertificatetellsuserswhethertheycantrusttheWebservercertificatewhenit’spresentedtothebrowser.IfthevalidityoftheWebservercertificateisaffirmed,thecertificate’spublickeyisusedtosecureinformationfortheserverusingSecureSocketsLayer（SSL）technology.

DigitalcertificatesareusedbytheSSLsecurityprotocoltocreateasecure“pipe”betweentwopartiesthatseekconfidentialcommunication.SSLisusedinmostmajorWebbrowsersandcommercialWebservers.

3.DigitalWallets

----AdigitalwalletissoftwarethatenablesuserstopayforgoodsontheWeb．Itholdscredit-cardnumbersandotherpersonalinformationsuchasashippingaddress．Onceentered，thedataautomaticallypopulatesorderfieldsatmerchantsites．

----Whenusingadigitalwallet，consumersdon’tneedtofilloutorderformsoneachsitewhentheypurchaseanitembecausetheinformationhasalreadybeenstoredandisautomaticallyupdatedandenteredintotheorderfieldsacrossmerchantsites．Consumersalsobenefitwhenusingdigitalwalletsbecausetheirinformationisencryptedorprotectedbyaprivatesoftwarecode．Andmerchantsbenefitbyreceivingprotectionagainstfraud．

----Digitalwalletsareavailabletoconsumersfreeofcharge，andthey’refairlyeasytoobtain．Forexample，whenaconsumermakesapurchaseatamerchantsitethat’ssetuptohandleserver-sidedigitalwallets，hetypeshisnameandpaymentandshippinginformationintothemerchant’sownform．Attheendofthepurchase，oneconsumerisaskedtosignupforawalletofhischoicebyenteringausernameandpasswordforfuturepurchases．Userscanalsoacquirewalletsatawalletvendor’ssite．

----Althoughawalletisfreeforconsumers，vendorschargemerchantsforwallets．

----Digitalwalletscomeintwomaintypes:

client-sideandserver-side．Withinthosedivisionsarewalletsthatworkonlyonspecificmerchantsitesandthosethataremerchantagnostic．

----Client-baseddigitalwallets，theolderofthetwotypes，arefallingbythewayside，accordingtoanalysts，becausetheyrequireuserstodownloadandinstallsoftware．Auserdownloadsthewalletapplicationandinputspaymentandmailinginformation．Atthatpoint，theinformationissecuredandencryptedontheuser’sharddrive．Theuserretainscontrolofhiscreditcardandpersonalinformationlocally．

----Withaserver-basedwallet，auserfillsouthispersonalinformation，andacookieisautomaticallydownloaded．（Acookieisatextfilethatcontainsinformationabouttheuser．）Inthisscenario，theconsumerinformationresidesontheserverofafinancialinstitutionoradigitalwalletvendorratherthanontheuser’sPC．

----Server-sidewalletsprovideassuranceagainstmerchantfraudbecausetheyusecertificatestoverifytheidentityofallparties．Whenapartymakesatransaction，itpresentsitscertificatetotheotherpartiesinvolved．Acertificateisanattachmenttoanelectronicmessageusedtoverifytheidentityofthepartyandtoprovidethereceiverwiththemeanstoencodeareply．

----Furthermore，thecardholder’ssensitivedataistypicallyhousedatafinancialinstitution，sothere’sanextrasenseofsecuritybecausefinancialenvironmentsgenerallyprovidethehighestdegreeofsecurity．

----Buteventhoughwalletsprovideeasyshoppingonline，adoptionhasn’tbeenwidespread．

----Standardsarepivotaltothesuccessofdigitalwallets．

----Lastmonth，majorvendors，includingMicrosoftCorp．，SunMicrosystemsInc．andAmericaOnlineInc．announcedtheirendorsementof