德伯家的苔丝Word下载.docx

德伯家的苔丝Word下载.docx

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学号0831058

学生姓名何佳

指导教师王艳华

二〇一一年八月

摘要

托马斯·

哈代（1840-1928），是19世纪英国重要的现实主义代表之一，在英国文学史上，他是一个杰出的现实主义作家，同时也是一位非凡的小说家和诗人。

他把自己的小说分成三类：

罗曼史与幻想，阴谋爱情故事和性格与环境小说，其中最后一类是最出名的，许多为大众所知的小说都属于这一类，例如《德伯家的苔丝》。

《德伯家的苔丝》阐述了一个漂亮的乡村女孩苔丝·

德波菲尔的悲惨故事，她的一生主要受到三个人的影响。

第一个是亚雷克·

德伯维尔，一个富商的儿子，戴着贵族的头衔，却强暴了苔丝。

他的出现影响了苔丝的一切。

第二个是安吉尔·

克莱尔，一个牧师的儿子。

他敢于打破家族的传统理念，去寻找自己的理想，过着平静的生活。

他与苔丝相爱并结婚，但是两人的婚姻接着破裂，而且他们的结果是凄惨的。

第三个就是苔丝自己。

除此以外，资产阶级社会和她的家庭在很大程度上也毁了她。

所以，这篇论文旨在研究苔丝巨大悲剧的原因，同时，也会对各个有因素作更详细的分析。

关键字：

托马斯·

哈代；

《德伯家的苔丝》；

三个人；

因素

Abstract

ThomasHardy（1840-1928）,novelistandpoet,isoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury.HardyisanoutstandingrealistinEnglishliterature.Hehimselfclassifiedhisnovelintothreegroups:

RomancesandFantasies,NovelsofIngenuity,andNovelsofCharacterandEnvironment.Ofthethreethelastgroupisthemostoutstanding,andmostofhisbetterknownnovelsbelongtoit,includingTessofD’Urbervilles.Ittellsthetragicstoryofabeautifulcountrygirl,TessDurbeyfield.Sheisapurewoman.Inherlife,therearethreepersonswhomainlyaffecther.ThefirstoneisAlecD’Urbervilles,thesonofarichmerchantwhohasboughthistitleintotheclassofgentry.HerapesTessandhisappearancechangesTess’sall.ThesecondpersonisAngelClare,aclergyman’sson,whohasbrokenwiththetraditionsofhisfamilytoseektheidealinaquietlife.HefallsinlovewithTessandtheyareengagedtoeachother.Buttheirmarriagebreaksupthen,andtheirresultismiserable.ThethirdoneisTessherself.Besides,thebourgeoissocietyandthefamilyruinherlifelargely.ThisessayaimstostudyhowTessissufferedwithsuchagreattragedy,andatthesametime,itisgoingtomakemoreanalysisofthesecausesandfactors.

Keywords:

ThomasHardy;

TessofD’Urbervilles;

threepersons;

factors

Content

Chapter1Descriptionofthefigure1

Chapter2AnalysisoftheMainCauses2

2.1TheSocialTragedy2

2.2TheDirectReason3

2.3TheSpiritualDestructionofTraditionalEthics4

Chapter3OtherReasons7

3.1TheCharacteristicElements7

3.2TheFateTragedy8

Chapter4Conclusion10

Reference11

Acknowledgement12

Chapter1Descriptionofthefigure

Tessistheheroineofthisbook,whoisamodernwomanidealizedbyHardy.InHardy’sidealworld,Tessisthesymbolofbeautyandtheincarnationoflove.SherepresentsvirtuesofWessexpeople:

beautiful,pure,kind-hearted,plain,charitableandtolerant.Shedarestosacrificeherselfandhasgoodwishestothefuture.Herspecialvirtueisthatshelovespeopleandtruststhem.Women’sgentlenessandvaliancemelttogetherinherheart.Shehasbeautifultemperament,strongwillingandintenseemotions.Besides,asthesameasWessexpeople,sheisquitesincere,faithful,naturalandpure.Shetriesherbesttoseekforheraspirationwithoutthehelpofmarriage,andpursuefreedomherself.WhensheworksatD’Urbervilles,shewantstosolveherfamilyproblemwithherworkandefforts.However,whenshefindsthatshe’scheatedandseducedbyAlec,sheleavestherefirmlyanddecisively.Tess’ssoulispureandhermoralityisnoble.Butfacingthebourgeoisiemorality,sheisregardedasthemodelofimmorality,theexampleoflewdnessandsheistheevilincarnationthatencroachthepureterritory.

Hardy’sopinionandthesocialprejudicearediametricallyopposedtoeachother.HecriticizesthehypocriticalmoralstandardsthroughtheimageofTess.Hardyfirmlybelievesthatmoralpurityliesinaperson’sheart,notatemporarymistake,soinHardy’sopinion,Tessisanexactlypurewoman.Onthecontrary,thesocietystickstothetraditionalcustomsandbelievesthatthetemporarymistakeisairreparabledepravation,soTessisasinnerwhoisguiltyofadultery.Hardythinksthattherenoneperfectpersonintheworldandaperson’sperfectionreflectsistheunderstandingoflife,loveforlife,richemotionsandfaithfullove.Onlyfromsuchperfectioncanproducetherealpure.HardystrictlycriticizesClarewhorepresentsthebourgeoispeople’sspiritualshackles.However,itisjustsuchakindofethicsthatcrystallizesthesocialconventions,whichhasadivinenature,istheunwrittenlawandregardedaslegitimatethingsforever.Tessisjustavictimofthiskindofworlddelusions.ThroughTess’stragedy,Hardyrevealsthehypocrisyandeviloftheethics,andexposesthebrutalcontent.

Chapter2AnalysisoftheMainCauses

2.1TheSocialTragedy

ThereisnodoubtthatthefirstcauseofTess’stragedyissociety.TessoftheD’UrbervillesisoneofHardy’sWessexNovels,whichgivesthebackgroundofhishometownWessex.Inthemid19thcentury,theruralareasareinvadedbytheBritishcapitalistindustrialcivilization,soisHardy’shometown.Itissobadlyaffectedthatthepatriarchalsocietydisintegratesquicklyandthoseindividualpeasantssufferfromunemploymentandpoverty.Confrontingwithconsequencesbroughtbytheindustrialcivilization,Hardy,asahumanist,isstronglyhurtinhisheart.Heemotionallylovestheancientpatriarchalcivilization,anddeeplydeteststhatdemolishmentwhichtheindustrialcivilizationhasmadetohuman’sharmoniouslife.TheawarenessofsocialtragedyinHardy’snovelexistsforthesocialbackgroundatthattime.Itstartsfromtheconflictsbetweenindividualcivilizationandpatriarchalcivilization,andfromthepanoramatothelocal,fromthesurfacetothepoint,itgivesanobjectivedescription.Besides,itcomprehensivelyexpressespeople’slivingtroubles.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardygivesapanoramicpictureoftheimpactofindustrialcivilizationonthecountry,andregardsTess’sfamilyasamicrocosmofindividualpeasants,anddeeplyshowsthethroesintheirphysicalplight.Thesocialtragedyiscausedbytheconflictsbetweenpeopleandsocialenvironment.TesslivesintheVictorianagewhichBritishcapitalisminvadesthecountrysideevenpoisonsthesocialatmosphere.Althoughsheisbeautiful,hard-workingandkind-hearted,shestillstandsinthelowstatusofaweakwoman,andlivesinextremepovertyandheavyburdens.Asalaborandafarmworkerwithnorightsandmoney,Tesssuffersfromdifferentkindsofoppressionsandhumiliations,noteconomic,powerfulandphysicalones,butalsospiritual,religiousandmoralones.Hertragedycontributestotheera.Atthesametime,AlecandClare,onbehalfoftwodifferentsocialforces,directlycreateTess’ssocialtragedy.

TheerathatTesslivesinis1880s.Atthattime,notonlydoesBritishcapitalismdevelopinthecity,butalsoitsproutsinthecountryside.Withtheinvasionofcapitalism,theBritishcountrysidewhichisunderthecontrolofpatriarchaltendstocollapse,andtheindividualfarmerssufferfrombankruptcyandpoverty.Asadaughterofapoorfarmerandawage-earner,Tess’sfateisinevitablytragic.Therefore,Tess’stragedyisbroughtaboutbytheeraandsociety.

2.2TheDirectReason

ThesecondreasonforTess’stragedy,whichisthedirectreason,isthepersecutionofviolence,forces,lawsandthewholestate.ThemainrepresentativeofsuchaviolenceandforcesisAlecD’Urbervilles.

Tessgrowsupinapicturesquecountryside.Thoughherfamilyisingreatpoverty,shestilllivesbrightlyandcheerfully.Sheloveslifeandhascouragetofacedifferentdifficulties.Besides,shedarestosacrificeherselfforthewholefamily.Sheisnotwillingwhenaskedto“claimkin”,butfinallyshedecidestogowithnochoice.

Alec’sfatherisarichmerchant,andhebuyshistitletotheclassofgentry.AtthefirstsightofTess,AlecexposeshislustforTess.Becauseofinnocenceandlackofexperience,TessisseducedbyAlec,andreturnshomepregnantanddisgraced.Thenagirl’schastityandhappinessaredestroyed.Afterthat,withthehelpofaclergyman,Alectriestorepentandbeagoodman.Later,hebecomesaclergyman,butdecadesofbadhabitshaven’tbeentotallyeradicated.WhenhehappenstomeetTessagain,hisevilregenerates,whichturnsallhispreviouslabortonothing.However,Tessunderstandsclearlywhensheseesthemandressingasclergyman,“Ican’tbelieveinsuchsuddenthings!

Ifeelindignantwithyoufortalkingtomelikethis,whenyouknow-whenyouknowwhatharmyou'

vedoneme!

You,andthoselikeyou,takeyourfillofpleasureonearthbymakingthelifeofsuchasmebitterandblackwithsorrow;

andthenitisafinething,whenyouhavehadenoughofthat,tothinkofsecuringyourpleasureinheavenbybecomingconverted!

Outuponsuch-Idon'

tbelieveinyou.Ihateit!

”TessexposesAlec’spretenseofconvertingtothereligion,andAlec’sbehavioralsoshowsthewriter’sdoubtaboutthereligiouspower.

Afterthen,AleccontinuespesteringTess.HecallsTessstupidwife,andcheatsherthatherhusbandwillnevercomebackagain.What’smore,heeventhreatensthat,“Remember,mylady,Iwasyourmasteronce!

Iwillbeyourmasteragain,Ifyouareanyman’swife,youaremine!

”However,Tesswouldratherstayinthefarm,enduringcruelexploitationandwithstandingheavyworkthansurrenderherselftoAlecandaccepthishelp.Nevertheless,herfatherdiesandthewholefamilyareevictedandthrownoutonthestreet.Tosupporthermotherandheryoungersistersandbrothers,TessisthereforeforcedtogobacktoAlectobehismistress.Sincethen,herhappinessisruinedcompletely.

Tessisthevictimofthepowerandviolence.ThereasonforAlec’sdaringtodoallallkindsofevilandwhateverhewantsisnotonlythemoneyandpower.What’smoreimportantisthatheisprotectedbythelawandthewholebour