上海高三英语二模Summary 有答案.docx

上海高三英语二模Summary 有答案.docx

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上海高三英语二模Summary有答案

2019黄浦二模

Desertification

Desertificationisoneoftheworld’smostalarmingprocessesofenvironmentaldegradation（退化）.Theissueisoftenunclear,however,byacommonmisperception:

thatit’sa“natural”problemofadvancingdesertsinfarawaydevelopingcountries.Infact,desertificationisaboutlanddegradation:

thelossoftheland’sbiologicalproductivity,causedbyman-madefactorsandclimatechange.

Eachyear,desertificationanddroughtcauseanestimated$42billioninlostagriculturalproduction.Therisksofdesertificationaresufficientandclear.Itcontributestofoodinsecurity,hungerandpoverty,andcangiverisetosocial,economicandpoliticaltensionsthatcancauseconflicts,furtherpovertyandlanddegradation.ThegreaturgencyofthischallengeledtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblytostate2006tobetheInternationalYearofDesertsandDesertification（IYDD）.Itisastrongreminderoftheurgentneedtoaddressthefar-reachingimplicationsofthisproblem.UnitedNationsGeneralSecretaryrecentlysummarizesinthisway:

“IlookforwardtoworkingwithGovernments,civilsociery,theprivatesection,internationalorganizationsandotherstofocusattentiononthiscrucialissue,andtoreversethetrendofdesertificationandsettheworldonasafer,moresustainablepathofdevelopment.

TheIYDDalsopresentsagoldenopportunitytogetthemessageacrossstronglyandeffectivelythatdesertificationisaglobalproblemwhichweignoreatourrisk.Itisimportanttorecognizethatdry-landsarehometosomeofthemostmagnificentecosystemsofthisworld.Theseuniquenaturalhabitatshavebeenhometosomeoftheworld’soldestcivilizations.Theystandlikeopen-airmuseums,bearingwitnesstobygoneeras.TheYearwillthereforealsocelebratethedelicatebeautyanduniqueinheritanceoftheworld’sdeserts.

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2019嘉定二模

Aninternationalteamofresearchersfoundemployeeswhoendurewhatisknownas“abusivesupervision”aremorelikelytobehavepoorlyonpurposebymessinguptasks,arrivinglate,takinglongbreaksandputtinginminimaleffort.

Theauthorsofthestudy,publishedintheJournalofManagement,soughttoanswerwhyhorriblebossesmakeemployeeslesswillingtoshowwhatisknownasorganizationalcitizenshipbehavior（OCB）,orcommitmenttothecompanyoutsideoftheircontractualobligations.Thatcouldincludehelpingcolleaguesorvolunteeringforunusualworkhours.Theyalsoassesseditseffectonaworker’stendencytoharmtheorganization,bydisplayingcounterproductive（反作用的）workbehavior（CWB）

Tofindoutmore,anduncoverwhichnegativeoutcomebullying（欺凌）behaviorismorelikelytocause,researchersfromSouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsinChina,RenminUniversityofChinaandSwinburneUniversityofTechnologyinAustraliacooperatedandanalyzed427existingstudies.Theyfoundworkersactedouteitherbecausetheyfelttheywerebeingtreatedunfairlyintheworkplace,orfeltstressedandthisaffectedtheirabilitytoperformasexpected.AnemployeewhofelttheywereavictimofinjusticetendermoretowardsreluctancetoshowOCB.Stressedworkers,meanwhile,weremoreassociatedwithCWB.

Employerswhoworriedsupervisorsareaffectingproductivitycantakestepstoeaseissuesbyregularlytrainingmanagers,introducingpolicieswhichcopewithworkplaceinjusticesandhelpingworkerstodealwithstress.

Thisisnotthefirststudytosuggestunkindpracticescanaffectthewell-beingofworkers.ThepaperfollowsastudypublishedintheEuropeanHeartJournallastyear,whichshowedemployeeswhosufferbullyingaremorelikelytodevelopheartdiseasesthanthosewhoaren’t.Bullyingandviolencearecommonatworkplacesandthoseexposedtothesestressorsareathigherrisk.

2019长宁二模

HoldingParentsResponsible—AnUnfairPunishment

Theriseinteencrimesuggeststhatsomeparentsarefailingattheirparentaltasks.Tocorrecttheproblem,lawmakersinsomestatesrequireparentstoservejailtime.Theyhopethatthispunishmentwillmotivateparentstotaketheirresponsibilitiesseriously.

Despitepublicsupportforparentalresponsibilitylaws,manypeoplethinkthatthelawsareunfair.Theysuggestthatparentsshouldnotbepunishedforthecriminalactsoftheirchildren,unlessitcanbeshownthereisarelatedfaultontheparents’part.Forexample,ifyoungteenagersarearrestedfordrinkingalcoholsuppliedbyparents,thenparentsshouldbeheldresponsiblebecausetheyhelpedtheteenagersbreakthelaw.Peoplewhoopposeparentalresponsibilitylawsalsobelievethatpunishingparentsisunlikelytocreateachangeinthekids’behavior.Thesepeoplearguethatparentsmaynotbeatfault.Thechildrenofgoodparentscanfallinwiththewrongkidsandgetintotrouble,theysay.Worseyet,ifmomisinjail,theremaybenooneatalltocontrolherkid.Thatlackofcontrolmaythenleadtomorecrime.

Theunfortunatefactisthatjailingamomordadpunishestherestofthefamily.Thejailedparentcannotworktohelpfeedthefamilyorpaytherent.Aparentwhoissenttojailforthecrimesofateenagermayalsobefiredfromajobformissingtoomuchwork.Furthermore,littleevidenceexiststosupporttheideathatthethreatofpunishmentimprovesaparents'abilitytocontrolateenager.Theproblemisthatsometeenscannotbecontrolledbytheirparents,eveniftheparentstryhardtocontrolthem.Thesestrugglingparentsarenotignoringtheirparentalresponsibilities.Opponentsofparentalresponsibilitylawssaythatparentswhoareinthissituationneedhelp,notajailsentence.

2019-杨浦二模

Afteryouhavealongdayatschoolorwork,gettingabitofshut-eyeonthewayhomeissometimesjustwhatthedoctorordered.Butsleepingtoolongandendingupwaypastyourdestinationisarealpossibility.AccordingtoresearchfromsleepspecialistsintheUS,thereareseveralpossibleexplanationsforbeingabletonapduringatrainorbusrideandstillgetoffattherightstop.

Onetheorystatesthatsomepeoplehaveestablishedsleeppatternthatallowthemtosleepandwakeupatpreciselythesametimeeachday.Thatmeanstheirbodyknowswhentowakeupandgetoffthetrain.Anothertheoryisthatpeoplearemorelikelytorecognizethenameoftheirstop,sotheirbrainwakesthemupwhentheyhearitannounced.Alternatively,thosewhocaneffectivelysleeponthetrainmightactuallybewakingupateverystop,butnotlongenoughtobecomeconsciousuntiltheyknowthey'vereachedtherightplace.

Theseshortnapsmightworkforthosewhoarereallyexhausted,forevenabriefresthasthebenefitofreducingstressandhelpingyourelaxalittle.Butifyouaretravellingreallyfareachday,chancesarethatyouwillreachrapideyemovement（REM）sleepcycles.AccordingtoDr.MarcLeavey,whohasstudiedthisskill,"You'remorelikelytobetiredordisorientedwhenyouwakeupfromthesedreams,soifyou'resleepingforlongerthan20minutes,youmayfindithardertowakeupoutofthisdreamstate.Ifyou'reinadeepREMsleep,you'remorelikelytomissyourstoporsleepthroughit.”Noteveryonecandoit,butsomepeoplecanruntheirsleepcyclelikeclockworkandtakeanaponpublictransportation.

Sleepexpertsaretryingtoexplainwhypeoplecannapwithoutmissingthestop.Besidesfixedsleeppatternandtheabilitytorecognizestationnames,peopledon’tbecomefullyawakebeforetheyreachthedestination.Whilenapsrelievestressandarerelaxing,expertswarnofpossibilityofmissingthestopifthenapislongerthan20minutes.

Shouldsomebooksbebannedfromschoollibraries?

ArethereHarryPotterbooksinyourschoollibrary?

ManykidsallovertheworldarereadingJ.K.Rowling'sbooksinschool.Butsomeparentsthinktheirchildrenshouldn'tbeabletofindthoseandotherbooksinschoollibraries.Shouldschoollibrarieskeepbooksthatsomeparentsdon'tapproveof?

Shouldtheytakethosebooksofftheshelves?

Alloverthecountry,schoolsarewrestlingwiththosequestions.

2019-徐汇二模

It’struethatsomeholdtheirargumentthatsomebooksshouldbebannedfromschoollibraries!

"Weneedcertainlimits,"saidonestudentinDenver,Colorado.Hesaidsomebookshavenoplaceinschoollibraries.Manypeoplebelievethatbooksthatcontainviolenceorbadwordsshouldn'tbeinschools.SomepeoplewanttheHarryPotterbooksremovedbecausetheycontaintalkaboutwizardsandmagic.

Mostparentsknowwhat'sgoodforkids.Theyhavearighttodecidewhichbooksshouldorshouldnotbeinschoollibraries.

Booksshouldmeetcertainstandardsbeforetheyareputinschools.Isthisagoodbookforkidstoread?

Isitfullofviolence?

Doesitcontainbadwordsorideaskidsshouldn'tlearnabout?

Ifabookisnotgoodforallkids,itshouldnotbeinaschoollibrary.Mostparentsdon'thavetimetofindouteverythingtheirkidsread.Theyshouldbeabletotrustschoolstodothatforthem.

Ontheotherhand,somebelievethatbooksshouldnotbebannedfromschoollibraries!

"Parentsshoulddecidewhattheirownkidsread,"saidNatalieNicol,ofDenver,Colorado.Butotherparentsshouldn'tmakethatchoiceforthem.Manyexpertssaythatit'stheparents'job,nottheschool'sjob,tocheckoutwhattheirkidsarereading.Iftheydon'tlikeabook,theyshouldnotlettheirkidsreadit.

WhyshouldafewparentsstopkidsfromreadingstoriesliketheHarryPotterseries?

KidsshouldbeabletocheckoutbookstheirparentsthinkareOKtoread.Manyschoolsletkidsborrowcertainbooksiftheyhaveasignedpaperfromaparent.Thatworksfine.Aparentdoesn'tsignthepaperifheorshedoesn'twantthechi