计算机系外文翻译中英对照3000汉字左右.docx

计算机系外文翻译中英对照3000汉字左右.docx

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计算机系外文翻译中英对照3000汉字左右

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译

系别计算机信息与技术系

专业计算机科学与技术

班级

姓名

学号

外文出处

附件1.原文；2.译文

2012年3月

Historyofcomputing

Mainarticle:

Historyofcomputinghardware

Thefirstuseoftheword"computer"wasrecordedin1613,referringtoapersonwhocarriedoutcalculations,orcomputations,andthewordcontinuedwiththesamemeaninguntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury.Fromtheendofthe19thcenturythewordbegantotakeonitsmorefamiliarmeaning,amachinethatcarriesoutcomputations.

Limited-functionearlycomputers

TheJacquardloom,ondisplayattheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England,wasoneofthefirstprogrammabledevices.

Thehistoryofthemoderncomputerbeginswithtwoseparatetechnologies,automatedcalculationandprogrammability,butnosingledevicecanbeidentifiedastheearliestcomputer,partlybecauseoftheinconsistentapplicationofthatterm.Afewdevicesareworthmentioningthough,likesomemechanicalaidstocomputing,whichwereverysuccessfulandsurvivedforcenturiesuntiltheadventoftheelectroniccalculator,liketheSumerianabacus,designedaround2500BCofwhichadescendantwonaspeedcompetitionagainstamoderndeskcalculatingmachineinJapanin1946,thesliderules,inventedinthe1620s,whichwerecarriedonfiveApollospacemissions,includingtothemoonandarguablytheastrolabeandtheAntikytheramechanism,anancientastronomicalcomputerbuiltbytheGreeksaround80BC.TheGreekmathematicianHeroofAlexandria（c.10–70AD）builtamechanicaltheaterwhichperformedaplaylasting10minutesandwasoperatedbyacomplexsystemofropesanddrumsthatmightbeconsideredtobeameansofdecidingwhichpartsofthemechanismperformedwhichactionsandwhen.Thisistheessenceofprogrammability.

Aroundtheendofthe10thcentury,theFrenchmonkGerbertd'AurillacbroughtbackfromSpainthedrawingsofamachineinventedbytheMoorsthatansweredeitherYesorNotothequestionsitwasasked.Againinthe13thcentury,themonksAlbertusMagnusandRogerBaconbuilttalkingandroidswithoutanyfurtherdevelopment.

In1642,theRenaissancesawtheinventionofthemechanicalcalculator,adevicethatcouldperformallfourarithmeticoperationswithoutrelyingonhumanintelligence.Themechanicalcalculatorwasattherootofthedevelopmentofcomputersintwoseparateways.Initially,itwasintryingtodevelopmorepowerfulandmoreflexiblecalculatorsthatthecomputerwasfirsttheorizedbyCharlesBabbageandthendeveloped.Secondly,developmentofalow-costelectroniccalculator,successortothemechanicalcalculator,resultedinthedevelopmentbyIntelofthefirstcommerciallyavailablemicroprocessorintegratedcircuit.

Firstgeneral-purposecomputers

In1801,JosephMarieJacquardmadeanimprovementtothetextileloombyintroducingaseriesofpunchedpapercardsasatemplatewhichallowedhisloomtoweaveintricatepatternsautomatically.TheresultingJacquardloomwasanimportantstepinthedevelopmentofcomputersbecausetheuseofpunchedcardstodefinewovenpatternscanbeviewedasanearly,albeitlimited,formofprogrammability.

In1837,CharlesBabbagewasthefirsttoconceptualizeanddesignafullyprogrammablemechanicalcomputer,hisanalyticalengine.LimitedfinancesandBabbage'sinabilitytoresisttinkeringwiththedesignmeantthatthedevicewasnevercompleted;neverthelesshisson,HenryBabbage,completedasimplifiedversionoftheanalyticalengine'scomputingunit（themill）in1888.Hegaveasuccessfuldemonstrationofitsuseincomputingtablesin1906.ThismachinewasgiventotheSciencemuseuminSouthKensingtonin1910.

Inthelate1880s,HermanHollerithinventedtherecordingofdataonamachine-readablemedium.Earlierusesofmachine-readablemediahadbeenforcontrol,notdata."Aftersomeinitialtrialswithpapertape,hesettledonpunchedcards..."Toprocessthesepunchedcardsheinventedthetabulator,andthekeypunchmachines.Thesethreeinventionswerethefoundationofthemoderninformationprocessingindustry.Large-scaleautomateddataprocessingofpunchedcardswasperformedforthe1890UnitedStatesCensusbyHollerith'scompany,whichlaterbecamethecoreofIBM.Bytheendofthe19thcenturyanumberofideasandtechnologies,thatwouldlaterproveusefulintherealizationofpracticalcomputers,hadbeguntoappear:

Booleanalgebra,thevacuumtube（thermionicvalve）,punchedcardsandtape,andtheteleprinter.

Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,manyscientificcomputingneedsweremetbyincreasinglysophisticatedanalogcomputers,whichusedadirectmechanicalorelectricalmodeloftheproblemasabasisforcomputation.However,thesewerenotprogrammableandgenerallylackedtheversatilityandaccuracyofmoderndigitalcomputers.

AlanTuringiswidelyregardedasthefatherofmoderncomputerscience.In1936TuringprovidedaninfluentialformalisationoftheconceptofthealgorithmandcomputationwiththeTuringmachine,providingablueprintfortheelectronicdigitalcomputer.Ofhisroleinthecreationofthemoderncomputer,TimemagazineinnamingTuringoneofthe100mostinfluentialpeopleofthe20thcentury,states:

"Thefactremainsthateveryonewhotapsatakeyboard,openingaspreadsheetoraword-processingprogram,isworkingonanincarnationofaTuringmachine".

EDSACwasoneofthefirstcomputerstoimplementthestored-program（vonNeumann）architecture.

DieofanIntel80486DX2microprocessor（actualsize:

12×6.75mm）initspackaging.

TheAtanasoff–BerryComputer（ABC）wastheworld'sfirstelectronicdigitalcomputer,albeitnotprogrammable.Atanasoffisconsideredtobeoneofthefathersofthecomputer.Conceivedin1937byIowaStateCollegephysicsprofessorJohnAtanasoff,andbuiltwiththeassistanceofgraduatestudentCliffordBerry,themachinewasnotprogrammable,beingdesignedonlytosolvesystemsoflinearequations.Thecomputerdidemployparallelcomputation.A1973courtrulinginapatentdisputefoundthatthepatentforthe1946ENIACcomputerderivedfromtheAtanasoff–BerryComputer.

Thefirstprogram-controlledcomputerwasinventedbyKonradZuse,whobuilttheZ3,anelectromechanicalcomputingmachine,in1941.ThefirstprogrammableelectroniccomputerwastheColossus,builtin1943byTommyFlowers.

GeorgeStibitzisinternationallyrecognizedasafatherofthemoderndigitalcomputer.WhileworkingatBellLabsinNovember1937,Stibitzinventedandbuiltarelay-basedcalculatorhedubbedthe"ModelK"（for"kitchentable",onwhichhehadassembledit）,whichwasthefirsttousebinarycircuitstoperformanarithmeticoperation.Latermodelsaddedgreatersophisticationincludingcomplexarithmeticandprogrammability.

Asuccessionofsteadilymorepowerfulandflexiblecomputingdeviceswereconstructedinthe1930sand1940s,graduallyaddingthekeyfeaturesthatareseeninmoderncomputers.Theuseofdigitalelectronics（largelyinventedbyClaudeShannonin1937）andmoreflexibleprogrammabilitywerevitallyimportantsteps,butdefiningonepointalongthisroadas"thefirstdigitalelectroniccomputer"isdifficult.Notableachievementsinclude.KonradZuse'selectromechanical"Zmachines".TheZ3（1941）wasthefirstworkingmachinefeaturingbinaryarithmetic,includingfloatingpointarithmeticandameasureofprogrammability.In1998theZ3wasprovedtobeTuringcomplete,thereforebeingtheworld'sfirstoperationalcomputer.

Thenon-programmableAtanasoff–BerryComputer（commencedin1937,completedin1941）whichusedvacuumtubebasedcomputation,binarynumbers,andregenerativecapacitormemory.Theuseofregenerativememoryallowedittobemuchmorecompactthanitspeers（beingapproximatelythesizeofalargedeskorworkbench）,sinceintermediateresultscouldbestoredandthenfedbackintothesamesetofcomputationelements.

ThesecretBritishColossuscomputers（1943）,whichhadlimitedprogrammabilitybutdemonstratedthatadeviceusingthousandsoftubescouldbereasonablyreliableandelectronicallyreprogrammable.ItwasusedforbreakingGermanwartimecodes.

TheHarvardMarkI（1944）,alarge-scaleelectromechanicalcomputerwithlimitedprogrammability.

TheU.S.Army'sBallisticResearchLaboratoryENIAC（1946）,whichuseddecimalarithmeticandissometimescalledthefirstgeneralpurposeelectroniccomputer（sinceKonradZuse'sZ3of1941usedelectromagnetsinsteadofelectronics）.Initially,however,ENIAChadaninflexiblearchitecturewhichessentiallyrequiredrewiringtochangeitsprogramming.

Stored-programarchitecture

ReplicaoftheSmall-ScaleExperimentalMachine（SSEM）,theworld'sfirststored-programcomputer,attheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England

SeveraldevelopersofENIAC,recognizingitsflaws,cameupwithafarmoreflexibleandelegantdesign,whichcametobeknownasthe"stored-programarchitecture"orvonNeumannarchitecture.ThisdesignwasfirstformallydescribedbyJohnvonNeumanninthepaperFirstDraftofaReportontheEDVAC,distributedin1945.Anumberofprojectstodevelopcomputersbasedonthestored-programarchitecturecommencedaroundthistime,thefirstofwhichwascompletedin1948attheUniversityofManchesterinEngland,theManchesterSmall-ScaleExperimentalMachine（SSEMor"Baby"）.TheElectronicDelayStorageAutomaticCalculator（EDSAC）,completedayearaftertheSSEMatCambridgeUniversity,wasthefirstpractical,non-experimentalimplementationofthestored-programdesignandwasputtouseimmediatelyforresearchworkattheuniversity.Shortlythereafter,themachineoriginallydescribedbyvonN