哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题.docx

哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题.docx

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哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajor

.program

（HarbinInstituteofTechnology）

PartIReadingComprehension（40points）

Passage1

Questions1----5arebashedonthefollowingpassage.

Theplanet’slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago,forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth’slandsurface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,thematchstick,orthebulldozer.

AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday’sforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups.

Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill“frontierforests,”definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:

Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.

Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas“frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.“There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,”saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.

Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:

76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare“ontheedge”;28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.”

Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.“Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,”saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.

Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?

Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.“It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,”saysBryant,“butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.”

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.

B.Thehistoryofecology.

C.Theforestmapinthepast.

D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

2.Theword“unveiled”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.

A.evaluatedB.decoratedC.designedD.madepublic

3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?

A.Theykeepclimatestable.

B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.

C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.

D.Theyareofvarioustypes.

4.Thephrase“ontheedge”inParagraph5probablymeans________.

Asurroundedbyfrontierforest

Bnearfrontierforest

Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest

Dunderpressure

5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.

Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut

Bexploitmoreforestland

Cfinddirectionseasily

Dprotectformerforests

Passage2

Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:

theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:

itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.

Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?

Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.

Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?

Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?

Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.

Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.

6.Thesentence“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”meansthat________.

Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries

Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts

Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused

Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary

7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.

AtheTownCouncil

Bthepolice

Cthepapermanufacturers

Dthemostinfluentialcitizens

8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.

Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted

Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted

Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish

Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper

9.Britishdairiesare________.

Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek

Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles

Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles

Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles

10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.

Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused

Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging

Ctoomuchplasticiswasted

Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers

Passage3

Questions11-----18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:

washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:

itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatenoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown,ifitisno