高中英语考点专题22 阅读理解环境保护类解析版.docx

高中英语考点专题22 阅读理解环境保护类解析版.docx

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高中英语考点专题22阅读理解环境保护类解析版

专题22阅读理解（环境保护类）

1.C【2019·浙江卷】

Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor（因素）.

Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.

Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（资源）.

ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.

Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt（融雪）.

Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.

27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.

B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.

C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.

D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.

28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?

A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.

B.Banningwoodcutting.

C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.

D.Firecontrolmeasures.

29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?

A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.

C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.

30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.California'sForests:

WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?

B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoon

C.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?

D.PatrickMclntyre:

GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia

【答案】27.A28.D29.C30.A

【解析】文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机，大型树木在急剧减少，作者阐述了现象，并分析了其原因。

27.A段落主旨题。

根据文章第二段第三句Thenumberoftrees…declinedby50percent…morethan55percent…75percent等数字可知，该段主要讲述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。

28.D推理判断题。

根据第三段第三句Aggressivewildfirecontrol…competewith…resources可知，由于激进的森林防火措施，虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量骤减，所以选D项。

29.C细节理解题。

根据最后一段Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid…havebeenrisingtemperatures…reducesthewater…可知，水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度，故选C项。

30.A主旨大意题。

根据全文可知，主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了原因。

由此A项能很好地概括全文。

2.D【2019·北京】

Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.

Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.

Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide（二氧化碳）intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.

StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”

42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.

B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.

C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.

D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.

43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable

44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.

B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges

C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate

D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？

A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges

B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain

C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans

D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton

【答案】42.B43.A44.D45.C

【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。

主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。

42.B主旨大意题。

第一段的主要讲的是：

根据一项新的研究，由于气候变暖，到本世纪末界上的海洋将会更蓝更绿；第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。

因为气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长，同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量，从而导致海洋外观的变化。

因此文章前两段的主要讲的是“海洋颜色变化的原因”。

故选B。

43.A猜测词义题。

根据第三段最后一句可知：

气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养物质。

因此，此处的“vulnerable”是“易受影响的”意思，即sensitive。

significant重大的，有意义的；beneficial有益的；unnoticeable不明显的。

故选A。

44.D推理判断题。

从文章第四段中的“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.”可知，“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更绿。

”故选D。

45.C主旨大意题。

根据整篇文章的内容来看，主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变，而这种改变主要是因为浮游植物数量的变化，因此本文的主要目的是“解释气候变化对海洋的影响”。

故选C。

3.C【2019·天津】

Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work？

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？

Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？

A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______

A.hasawidefoodchoice

B.caneasilyfindnewprey

C.stickstoonepreyspecies

D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace

48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？

A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？

A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D.Industrialactivitieshelpke