linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1).doc

linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1).doc

《linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1).doc（72页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Linguistics–byicywarmtea

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）

学习指导

前言

其实我的这一个语言学学习指导系列本来没有想做得这么大的，最初只是我买了一本语言学教程的辅导资料，发现里面有的名词解释总结得很不错，所以就想整理一下各章的名词解释。

后来觉得既然是整理，光整理名词解释，还不如对知识点做一个较全面的学习指导材料。

结果就此一发而不可收，终于形成了现在的这一整套资料。

不明白是什么的朋友们可以参考考研论坛（）外语版的相关帖子。

本资料主要分为三部分，第一部分为各章节提纲笔记，第二部分为重点章节测试题，第三部分为测试题参考答案。

整理这一套资料真得很劳心费力，希望能够对大家有所帮助。

在考研论坛上，我所有的相关资料都设置了阅读权限和K币，一个是为了防止盗用，但更重要的不是为了限制什么，只是希望大家在能够很容易得到资料的同时，也能够想到要付出一些，将来考上研了以后能够回到这里，与后来的研友们分享一些所能够得到的信息，资源共享，信息交流，这才是考研论坛的本意。

也希望大家在以后复习语言学的时候，能够想到冰暖茶在这门课程上作的小小的努力，如果大家都能成功，我的努力就是值得的。

需要说明的是，我在整理资料的过程中，得到了ksguobw,lxm1000w,micronannan,天使精灵（排名不分先后）等朋友的资源共享和大力协助，在此对他们以及一贯支持冰暖茶的朋友们表示感谢！

由于水平有限，加之时间仓促，疏漏之处在所难免，欢迎各位读者批评指正。

冰暖茶2006年11月

目录

前言…………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

目录…………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

第一部分各章节提纲笔记…………………………………………………………………… 4

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics…………………………………………………………… 4

Chapter2SpeechSounds……………………………………………………………………… 8

Chapter3Lexicon……………………………………………………………………………… 14

Chapter4Syntax…………………………………………………………………………… … 21

Chapter5Meaning……………………………………………………………………………… 26

Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind……………………………………………………… 29

Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………… 35

Chapter8LanguageinUse……………………………………………………………………… 38

Chapter9LanguageandLiterature……………………………………………………………… 44

Chapter10LanguageandComputer…………………………………………………………… 49

Chapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching……………………………………… 53

Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………… 59

第二部分重点章节测试题…………………………………………………………………… 67

TestOneInvitationstoLinguistics……………………………………………………………… 67

TestTwoPhoneticsandPhonology…………………………………………………………… 70

TestThreeMorphology………………………………………………………………………… 73

TestFourSyntax………………………………………………………………………………… 76

TestFiveSemantics…………………………………………………………………………… 79

TestSixPragmatics……………………………………………………………………………… 82

TestSevenLanguage,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………… 85

TestEightTheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………… 88

第三部分测试题参考答案…………………………………………………………………… 91

参考书目………………………………………………………………………………………100

第一部分各章节提纲笔记

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.1 Whystudylanguage?

1. Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.

2. Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.

3. Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.

1.2 Whatislanguage?

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1.3 Designfeaturesoflanguage

Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

1.3.1 Arbitrariness

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.

1.3.2 Duality

Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

1.3.3 Creativity

Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.

1.3.4 Displacement

Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofconversation.

1.4 Originoflanguage

1. Thebow-wowtheory

Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.

2. Thepooh-poohtheory

Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.

3. The“yo-he-ho”theory

Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.

1.5 Functionsoflanguage

AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:

1. Referential:

toconveymessageandinformation;

2. Poetic:

toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;

3. Emotive:

toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;

4. Conative:

topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;

5. Phatic:

toestablishcommunionwithothers;

6. Metalingual:

toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.

Halliday（1994）proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:

1. Ideationalfunction:

toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;

2. Interpersonalfunction:

embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;

3. Textualfunction:

referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.

AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:

1.5.1 Informative

Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.

1.5.2 Interpersonalfunction

Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

1.5.3 Performative

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.

1.5.4 Emotivefunction

Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

1.5.5 Phaticcommunion

Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.

1.5.6 Recreationalfunction

Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.

1.5.7 Metalingualfunction

Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.

1.6 Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.

1.7 Mainbranchesoflinguistics

1.7.1 Phonetics

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:

articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.

1.7.2 Phonology

Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.

1.7.3 Morphology

Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

1.7.4 Syntax

Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

1.7.5 Semantics

Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.

1.7.6 Pragmatics

Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.

1.8 Macrolinguistics

Macrolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinallaspects,distinctfrommicrolinguistics,whichdealtsolelywiththeformalaspectoflanguagesystem.

1.8.1 Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.

1.8.2 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthelanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.

1.8.3 Anthropologicallinguistics

Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.

1.8.4 Computationallinguistics

Computationallinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.

1.9 Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

1.9.1 Descriptivevs.prescriptive

Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness.

Prescriptivelinguisticsaimstolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.

Forexample,“Don’tsayX.”isaprescriptivecommand;“Peopledon’tsayX.”isadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.However,modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivebecausethenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.

1.9.2 Synchronicvs.diachronic

Asynchronicstudytakesafixedinstant（usuallyatpresent）asitspointofobservation.Saussure’sdiachronicdescriptionisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.E.g.astudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimewouldbesynchronic,andastudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethenwouldbeadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatunlessthevariousstateofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathave