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Another_12_Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation._13_evenindensefores,youshouldbeableto_14_gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve_15_thewoods.Headtowardthese_16_tofindawayout.Atmightcanthehorizonfor_17_lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
_18_,assumingyou'
relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe_19_weleaveontheIandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeaturescan_20_youtocivilization.
1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]AII
2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3.[A]Since[B]lf[C]Though[D]until
4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away
6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar
8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place
9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually
11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused
12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result
13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample
14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]Under
16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks
17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited
18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally
19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings
20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts,AnswerthequestionseachtextbychoosingAB.CorD.
MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)
FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.
Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"
clawback"
ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Shortermism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasvorsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'
stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassical
economics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatieneeasactinglike"
Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.henoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinIone-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"
quarterlycapitalism”.
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."
Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseofIong-terminvesting,”CakdmissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformaneebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"
short-termism."
InitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"
asubstantialpart"
ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformanee.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"
long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.lnFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.
snewrulei
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britainsa
remindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformaneenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe
A.enhancebankers'
senseofresponsibility
Bhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits
C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation
D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives
22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate
A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits
B.governmentsimpatieneeindecision-making
C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies
D."
short-termism"
ineconomicactivities
23.ltisarguedthattheinflueneeoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe
A.inditedB.adverseC.minimalDtemporary
24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate
A.theobstaclestopreventing"
short-termism.
B.thesignificanceorlongtermthinking.
C.theapproachestopromotingIong-termism.
D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"
-ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'
soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."
Untimely."
saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'
sregistrar."
weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey'
vpottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'
expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'
andcolleges'
incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
B.StudentsindiffereneetoGPAS.
CCollegesneglectofGPAS.
D.Theinflueneeofconsumerculture.
27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness
A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.
C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D.Toincreaseuniversities'
incomefromtuition.
28.AccordingtoParagraph5.gradeforgivenessenablescolleges
A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.
B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.
C.improvetheirteachingquality.
D.meetlocalgovernments'
needs.
29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5.Para.6)mostprobablymean?
A.Tocounterbalaneeeachother
B.Tocomplementeachother.
C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother
D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.
30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby
Aassessingitsfeasibility
B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.
C.comparing