英美合同侵权法.docx

英美合同侵权法.docx

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英美合同侵权法

英美合同侵权法

Casediscussion

1.Mr.XisregularcustomerofMr.Y,theownerofabookstore.Onemorning,Mr.XwentintoMr.Y’sbookstore,lookedatsomebooks,andpickedupabook.BecauseMr.Xforgotbringingmoneywithhim,hepromisedMr.Ythathewouldpayforthebookthenextday.Mr.Yagreed.Isthereacontract?

Ifso,classifyitwithinthetypesinthischapter.

（Expresscontract;unilateralcontract;validcontract;executorcontract）

2.Mr.Xcalledaneighborandofferedtosellherhiscomputernextweekfor200dollars.Ifhisneighborwishedtoaccept,shecouldcallbacktohim.Thenextmorning,shecalledbackandsaidshewaswillingtobuythecomputer.Isthecontractformedbilateralorunilateral?

Why?

Bilateralcontract,becauseeachofthecontractingpartiesmakesapromise.

3.WhileMr.XwasgardeninginMr.Y’syard,Mr.Ywasreadingabookathome.ThenMr.YstoodbythewindowandwatchedMr.Xdotheworkonceinawhile.WhenMr.Xhadfinishedthework.Mr.XaskedMr.Ytopayforhiswork.Doyouthinkthereisanimpliedoraquasicontractbetweenthem?

Why?

Impliedcontract课本7Silenceisnotaneffectiveacceptanceunlessanoffereetakesthebenefitoftheofferedservices.

1.Ifyouoffertosellafriendacomputerworth1000dollarsfor100dollars,yourfriendacceptstheoffer.Isthereabindingagreementbetweenyou?

Yes.课本53

2.SupposeMr.XorallyofferedtosellMr.Yausedcarfor5000dollars.TwodayslaterMr.XnotifiedMr.Ythatthecarwasnolongerforsale.Inthatcase,couldMr.Xendtheoffer?

Yes.Oralcontract课本100页

3.AssumeMr.XsentalettertoMr.Yofferingtosellabicyclefor50dollars.Mr.YsentareturnlettertoMr.Xrejectingtheoffer.AweeklaterMr.Ydecidedtoaccepttheoffer.CouldMr.Yacceptthebicycle?

No,theofferisterminatedbecauseofrejectingbytheoffereeMr.Y.itisanewoffer,Mr.Yisofferor;Mr.Xisofferee.SoAcceptanceMustBeAcceptedOnlybytheOffereeMr.X.

4.Supposeamanhelpedyoupullyourcaroutofditch.Afterthat,youpromisedtogivehim30dollarsforthehelp,andthemanagreed.Wouldthepromisebebinding?

No.Preexistingobligations.Apromisetodosomethingthatoneisalreadyobligated….notconstituteconsideration.课本66页

Casediscussion:

1.Supposeyouwereinducedtobuyasecond-handcar.Beforeyouboughtthecarthedealerstatedthattheenginehadrecentlybeenrebuilt.Actuallyithadnot.Afteryouboughtthecar,youhadenginetroublesandthecarstoppedrunning.Ifyouwantedtobreakthecontract,whatdefensecanyouhave?

Misrepresentation.Itisthecreationofanimpressioninthemindofanotherpersonwhichisnotinaccordwiththeactualactsofthesituation.当事人在订立合同的过程中对另一方所作出的与事实不符的陈述。

●

（1）要约的概念、构成要件（definitionofofferelementsofoffer）

Anoffertocontractisamanifestationofintentiontobepresentlyboundbyaseriesofdefiniteandspecificterm,whichiscommunicatedtotheoffereeandcreatespowerintheoffereetoaccept.

1.SeriousIntention意图严肃

Toareasonableperson,theofferordidinfactintendtomakeanofferandtobepresentlyboundbyit.

在通情达理的人看来，要约人必须严肃认真地向受要约人发

Anofferterminateswheneitherpartydiesorbecomesinsanebeforeacceptance.

5.Destructionoftheproposedsubjectmatter合同标的物灭失

●（3）承诺的概念、构成要件

definition:

theofferee’smanifestationofintentiontobepresentlyboundbythetermscontainedintheoffer.

承诺是受要约人做出的立即受要约约束的意思表示。

1.AcceptanceMustBeAcceptedOnlybytheOfferee承诺只能由受要约人做出。

2.AcceptanceMustAgreewithOffer

承诺必须与要约一致

3.AcceptanceMustBeCommunicatedtotheOfferor承诺必须传达给要约人

●（4）抗辩事由（defenses）

1.Misrepresentation不正当说明

vdefinition:

Itisthecreationofanimpressioninthemindofanotherpersonwhichisnotinaccordwiththeactualactsofthesituation.当事人在订立合同的过程中对另一方所作出的与事实不符的陈述。

2.Mistake错误

vdefinition:

Mistatkeisabeliefthatisnotaccordwiththefacts.

当事人对构成交易的基础事实在认识上发生的错误。

3、Duress胁迫

vdefinition:

Itmeanstheuseofthreatstobodilyorotherharmwhichareusedtoovercomeaperson’sfreewillandinducethepersontoenteracontractthroughfearorforce.

4.UndueInfluence不正当影响

vdefinition:

itistheuseofaconfidentialrelationship,in

whichonepersonowesanotheradutyto

lookoutforthelatterperson’sinterests,

andwheretheduty-boundpersonusesthis

positionforpersonalbenefitattheexpense

ofthepersontowhomthedutyisowed.

5.CapacityofParties缔约能力

vdefinition:

Capacityistheabilitytoperformlegallyvalidacts.

6.Illegality违法性

vAcontractisillegalifitviolateslaworiscontrarytothepublicpolicyorinterest.

合同违法或违反公共政策或利益。

v7.StatuteofFrauds反欺诈法

vItrequiresthatcertaintypesofcontractsmustbeinwritingsignedbythepartytobeboundandarenotenforceableunlesstheyareevidencedbysuchawriting.

v8.OralEvidenceRule口头证据规则

●（5）damages损害赔偿金

pensatorydamages补偿性损害赔偿金

v2.consequentialdamages间接损害赔偿金（lostprofits）

v3.liquidateddamages约定违约金

v4.penaltydamages惩罚性损害赔偿金

v5.nominaldamages象征性损害赔偿金

●（6）TortandCrime侵权和犯罪

Privatelaw（againstinjureparty）

Publiclaw（againstthesociety）

theinjuredpartybringanaction

Thestateprosecutes

Toprotecttheindividual’interests

Toprotectthepublic

Damagesorspecificperformanceorinjunction

Imprisonorfines

Preponderanceoftheevidence

Provebeyondreasonabledoubt

●Tortandbreachofcontract侵权和违约

Violationofoneperson’slegalduty

Violationofself-imposedduty

Toplacethepalintiffasifthetorthadnotoccured

Toplacetheplaintiffasifthecontracthadbeenperformed

damagesorinjunction

Damagesorinjunctionorspecificperformance

●（7）ClassificationsofTorts侵权的分类

•1.intentionaltorts故意侵权

intention:

thewrongdoerwantedtoharmsomeoneorknewthatwhatdidwouldresultinharm.侵权人希望或者确信其行为会给他人造成损害。

•2.negligence过失侵权

Itistheunintentionalcausingofharmthatcouldhavebeenpreventedifthedefendanthadactedasareasonableandprudentperson

•3.strictliabilitytort严格责任侵权

●（8）Battery殴打的概念、构成要件

•Itistheintentional,unprivilegedandeitherharmfuloroffensivecontractwiththepersonofanother.

•故意地对他人的人身进行有害的或冒犯性的接触。

•Elements:

•

（1）Anactbythedefendantwhichbringsaboutharmfuloroffensivecontacttotheplaintiff’spersonoreffects伤害性或冒犯性的接触他人的行为

•

（2）Thedefendant’sintenttomakesuchacontact接触的故意

•（3）Thecausationbetweenthedefendant’sactandtheoffensiveorharmfultouchingoftheplaintiff’spersonoreffects因果关系

●（9）Assault威吓的概念、构成要件

Itisanactbythedefendantcreatingareasonableapprehensionintheplaintiffforimmediateharmfuloroffensivecontacttotheplaintiff’sperson.通过一定的行为对他人进行恫吓，从而引起其对于即将来到的殴打行为产生合理的警觉

•Elements:

•

（1）Intenttocauseapprehensionofcontact

有使人产生警觉的故意

•

（2）Presentapparentabilityofthedefendanttocausecontact有立即进行殴打的实际能力

threateninggesturebythedefendant有实际威胁行为

•（3）Well-groundedapprehensionofimminentunconsentedcontact.有使人产生合理警觉

●（10）侵犯动产与侵占动产的区别

•

（1）TrespasstochattelsInfringesapossessor’sinterestinfreedomfromminorintentionalinterferencewithpersonalproperty.

故意地对他人动产权益的进行侵犯

（2）Itoccurswhenapersonintentionallyexercisesexclusivecontroloverthepersonalpropertyofanotherwithoutpermission侵权人未经允许，故意行使对他人动产的排他性占有权。

（3）Thedifferencebetweentrespasstochattelsandconversionisamatterofdegree.Injusticeofrequiringtheactortopaythefullvalue,thecourtsmayconsidervariousfactorsincludingthedurationoftimethedefendanthasexercisedcontrolovertheproperty,thedefendant’smotiveandtheharmdone.

●（11）Defensestointentionaltort

故意侵权的抗辩事由

•1.

（1）Consentbytheplaintiffnegatesthewrongfulelementofthedefendant’sconduct受害人同意使被告的侵权行为丧失违法性。

•2.self-defense正当防卫

（1）Apersonshouldnecessarilybelievesthattheforceisnecessarytoprotecthimself,andtheforceusedisnecessarilytopreventtheharm.必要性

•3.defenseofothers保护他人

Itmaybeinvokedbyanyonewhoreasonablybelievesthatforceisnecessarytoprotectanotherfromphysicalharm.

4.Defenseofproperty保护财产

•5.necessity紧急避险

Publicnecessity/privatenecessity公共紧急避险、私人紧急避险

6.Discipline管教