UNIT3--SIGNAL-WORDS.doc

UNIT3--SIGNAL-WORDS.doc

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UNIT3SIGNALWORDS（I）

Signalwordsareliketrafficlightsorroadsigns.Theyguidethereaderssmoothlyalongthepathofthoughtsetdownbythewriter.Therefore,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatsignalwordsarearidhowtheyfunction.Signalwordsmaybefoundanywhereinaparagraphorusedtoformaclosertiebetweenparagraphs.Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctions.

1．SIGNALWORDSINTRODUCINGEXAMPLES

Itiscleartoeveryreaderthatexamplesgivenbythewriterforexplanationofhisthoughtmakehisideasmucheasiertounderstand.Themostcommonlyusedexpressions/wordstointroduceexamplesareasfollows:

Forexampleforinstancesuchasaslike

DIRECTIONS:

Ineachofthefollowingsentences,underlinetheexamplesgivenbythewriterandputtheexplainedwordsinbrackets.Thenchoosethebestanswerforeachblank.

Example:

（Insects）,likemosquitoesandbees,havethreepairsoflegsandusuallytwopairsofwings.

a）BYoucantellnowthatinsectsare_________creatures.

A.fierceB.smallC.tame

b）AAnotherexampleofaninsectis_________.

A.abutterflyB.abirdC.asnake

1.Redisusedforsignsofdanger,suchasSTOPandfireengines.

a.______Youcantellthatsignsofdangeraregenerally______signs.

A.importantB.cheerfulC.interesting

b.______anotherexampleofasignofdangeris_______.

A.amovietheatersignB.agovernmentautomobileCanexitsign

2.Peoplewearblackclothesatsomeseriousceremonies,forexampleatfuneralsandgraduations.

a.______Youcantellthataceremonyis_______.

A.aspecialoccasionB.aspecialsportC.aspecial,holiday

b.______Anotherexampleofaceremonyis_______.

A.aweddingB.atennisgameC.Christmas

3.Doctorsrecommendthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularlythosewhospendmanyhoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.

a._______Youcantellthatwhenpeoplearedoingasedentaryactivity,theymustbe_______.

A.sittingB.learningC.relaxing

b._______Anotherexampleofasedentaryactivity,theymustbeis________.

A.gardeningB.cookingC.watchingTV

4.Automobilesmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelts,head-lights,andgoodbrakes.

a._______Youcantellthatasafetydeviceissomethingthatmakesdriving________.

A.fasterB.saferC.morefun

b._______Anotherexampleofasafetydeviceis________.

A.aradioB.ahornC.aheater

5.Apersonwhohastheflumayhaveseveralsymptomslikesneezingandahightemperature.

a.______Youcantellthatasymptomis__________.

A.acureB.anillnessC.asignofanillness

b.______Anotherexampleofasymptomis______.

A.laughingoftenB.coughingagreatdealC.drinkingplentyofliquids

2.SIGNALWORDSSHOWINGACHANGEOFTHOUGHT

Whentheauthoristurningthedirectionofthoughtinhis-writing,youmayfindasignalwordtoshow,thischangeinthethoughtpattern.Forexample,ifasentencebegins,"Althoughthesunisshiningtoday,"youknowimmediatelythatsomethingnotsogoodaboutthedayistofollow.Connectorstosignalsuchachangeofthoughtareasfollows:

althoughbuthoweverontheotherhandnevertheless

yetonthecontrarystillinstead

DIRECTIONS:

Chooseaproperconnectortocompleteeachsentence.Writethewordintheblank.

Example:

NooldIndianwouldevertellyouhisownname;instead,（but,instead）hewouldturntosomethirdpersonandnodforhimtotellyou.

1）Shewasabusyperson,__________,（yet,although）shewasalwayswillingtotalkwithus.

2）Theplanewasscheduledtodepartat8:

05,_________（however,but）duetothebadweather,itdidnottakeoffniltwohourslater.

3）Ralphwasabright,highlymotivated,andsuccessfulstudent.___________,（Ontheotherhand,Onthecontrary）hewasunabletoperforminevenonesport.

4）___________（Although,Still）thecriminalhadabrilliantdefenselawyer,hewassentencedtolifeinprison.

5）Thefoodwasveryplainandsimplyprepared,___________,（ontheotherhand,still）therewasplentyofit.

6）Heisnotstupid,____________，（but,onthecontrary）noonecouldbemoreintelligent.

7）Shedidn'targuewithme,___________，（nevertheless,instead）shestoodupquietlyandlefttheroom.

8）Entrancetestscoresareoneofthemostimportantconsiderationsforacceptanceintocollege._________（However,Yet）highschoolgrade-pointaverageandbehaviorsarealsoconsidered.

9）Themoviewasquitegood,___________（although,instead）itdidnotfollowthebook.

10）Shewasverytired;__________（nevertheless,though）shekeptonworking.

3.SIGNALWORDSEXPRESSINGCAUSE/EFFECT

Wordsusedtoexpresscause/effectarethosethatstatethereasonsandresultsofthethingoreventthewriteristalkingabout,andanyinformationwithreasonsandresultsisusuallyeasiertoaccept.Thefollowingwords/phrasesareoftenfoundasthesignalsofcause/effect.

CauseEffect

9

because

for

since

thereasonisthat

resultfrom

thus

so

therefore

sothat

accordingly

asaresult

consequently

resultin

that'swhy

DIRECTIONS:

CompleteeachstatementincolumnAwithasentence/phraseincolumnB.Writedownthecorrectletterintheblankaftereachnumber.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.

A

1）_j___becausetherewerenotenough

passengers,

2）_____Sicknessoftenresultsfrom

3）_____wehaveaseasonticket;

4）_____Tomfoundthetesthard;

5）_____Sincethedirectionswerenotclear,

6）_____Therehasbeenlittlerain;

7）_____Thepowerwasofffortwodays;

8）_____Theenginecaughtonfire,

9）_____Theboy'slazinessresultedin

10）_____Apolicemanwaveduson;

B

a.thus,wecangetintoallofthegames.

b.hisfailuretopasstheexam.

c.wewillexcuseyourmistake.

d.asaresult,thestreamshavedriedup.

e.thereasonisthathehadmissedseverallessons.

f.eatingtoomuch

g.sothatthetrainwasdelayedfortwohours.

h.that’swhythefoodinourfreezerspoiled.

i.accordingly,wedroverightthroughthewater.

j.theflightwascanceled.

4.SIGNALWORDSLEADINGTOADDITIONALINFORMATION

Inyourreading,youmayfindsomewordswhichsignalthatmoreofthesamekindofinformationistobeaddedtowhatyouhavejustread.Youmayread,forexample,"Itistheresponsibilityofeachstudenttoobtaintherequiredbooksandmaterialsforeachcourse;furthermore...""Furthermore"inthissentencesignalsthatadditionalresponsibilitiesarerequiredofthestudent.Herearesomeexpressionscommonlyusedtosignaladditionalinformation:

alsonexttooinadditionfurthermorebesides

DIRECTIONS:

Trytousethefollowingsignalwordscorrectlyintheparagraph,accordingtothedevelopmentofthestatement.Writedownthecorrectwordforeachblank.

A.nextfirstmanyalso

Thereare

（1）________unforeseenbenefitstotakingonlytwelvecreditsthisfallsemester.

（2）_________,Ihavefiveorsixextrahoursformystudiesandfamilychores,suchascleaningmyroomandcookingdinner.（3）_________,Icanaddextracurricularactivitiessuchasbasketballtomyschedule.Ican（4）________workatthelocalsupermarketonapart-timebasis.

B.inadditionfinallymanyfirsttoo

Everyoneadmiredtile（5）________finefeaturesofthenewlydecoratedroom."（6）_________,wenoticedthelargeroundedgrayvelvetsofa,theroom'scenterpiece.（7）__________,weexaminedtheheavygrayandburgundycurtainsthathad,thesamefloraldesignasthecornerchairs.Theoilpainting,（8）__________,complementedthesoftlytonedroom.（9）__________,thequietgrayandvioletpictureandrugofthesamecolorsunifiedtheentireroom.

C.besidesinadditiontofurthermoreseveralfinallyalso

（10）__________financialconsiderationssuchasrentandrealestatetaxes,thereare（11）__________reasonswhyyoungandevenolderpeoplechoose;aparticularplacetolive.Herearesomeofthereasonswhywedecidedtosettleinthissmallruraltownwenowcallhome.（12）__________findingthetown'ssettingagainstasmallmountainchainattractive,we（13）_________realizedthatthemainstreetareahadfood,clothing,andhousewarestorestosatisfyoureveryimaginableneed.（14）_________,Iwasofferedahigh-payingjobatthelocalhomeandfactoryconstructioncompany.（15）__________,thepublicschoolsappearedtobeexcellent,andweknewthatourthreechildrenwouldquicklyestablishnewfriendshipswithhealthyandhappyyoungsterswhoseethedtoplaygailyoneverycorner.

5.SIGNALWORDSINDICATINGSEQUENCEOFEVENTS

Somewordsdirectattentiontoasequenceofevents.ReadthefollowingparagraphaboutIcarus:

Whenthesetwowingswerefinished,Daedalusboundthemonhimself.Thenheroseintotheairtotryhiswings.Afterthat,heboundasmallerpairofwingsonhissonIcarus.Beforetheytookoff;DaedaluswarnedIcarusnottoflytoonearthesun.Atfirst,Icaruswasobedientandfollowedclosebehindhisfather.Butsoon,inthegreatjoyofflying,heforgotallthathisfatherhadtoldhim.Hewenthigherandhigherintotheheavensuntilth