Business Contracts文档格式.docx

Business Contracts文档格式.docx

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isthestyleofEnglishusedbylawyersandotherlegalprofessionalsinthecourseoftheirwork.Ithasparticularrelevancewhenappliedtolegalwritingandthedraftingofwrittenmaterial,including:

|Legaldocuments:

contracts,licencesetc

|Courtpleadings:

summonses,briefs,judgments

|Laws:

Actsofparliamentandsubordinatelegislation,casereports

|Legalcorrespondence

Video：

IntroductiontoContractLaw

Watchthevideoandconsidertwoquestions:

Whatisacontract?

Whatistherelationshipbetweenthecontractandcontractlaw?

Lead-in

1.Whatisacontract?

Howtodifferentiateacontractfromothersocialactivities?

2.Whatrolesdoesthebusinesscontractplayinmodernsociety?

1.DefinitionofBusinessContracts

†InaccordancewiththeContractLawofPRC,acontractreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.

†Asforbusinesscontracts,thedefinitionshouldbeputinthecontextofbusiness,andthusabusinesscontractisapplicabletobusinesstransactions.

TheformationofBusinesscontract

2.ClassificationofContracts

2.1ExpressandImpliedContracts:

Inanexpresscontract,eachwordiscarefullypinneddownandcarriesweightinacourtoflaw.Asageneralrule,mostcontractsaremadebyexpressagreement.

Animpliedcontractisoneinwhichsomeofthetermsarenotexpressedinwordsbuttheintentionsofthepartiesmaybejudgedfromtheiracts.

2.2BilateralandUnilateralContracts:

Abilateralcontractisanagreementinwhicheachofthepartiestothecontractmakesapromiseorpromisestotheotherparty.

Inaunilateralcontract,onlyonepartytothecontractmakesapromise.

2.3FormalandSimpleContracts:

Aformalcontractisonethatisinwritingandunderseal.Acontractnotundersealiscalledasimple（informal）contract.Itmaybeoralorwritten.

Standardtermsandconditions（标准条款和细则）meansthatasetofwrittencontracttermswhichareintendedtobeincorporatedintomorethanonecontract.

2.4QuasiContracts:

Acontractwhichisimpliedinlawisalsocalledaquasi-contract,becauseitisnotinfactacontract;

rather,itiscreatedbylawtorenderjusticetoaninnocentparty,orelseonepartywouldbeunjustlyenrichedwereheorshenotrequiredtocompensatetheother.

CaseAnalysis:

Anautomatictellermachine（ATM）wasinstalledoutsidetheConstructionBankofChina.Jim,adepositor,attemptedtousethemachinetowithdraw￥100.Instead,themachinegavehim￥1,000.

Isthereacontract?

Whoarethepartiesconcerned?

IsJimentitledtotheextra￥900?

.

3.GenreFeaturesof

3.2LinguisticFeaturesofBusinessContracts:

☑LexicalFeatures:

AdoptionofFormalWords:

“因为”的短语多用“byvirtueof”，远远多于“dueto”一般不用“becauseof”；

“财务年度末”一般用“atthecloseofthefiscalyear”，而不用“intheendofthefiscalyear”；

“在……之前”一般用“priorto”，而不用“before”；

“关于”常用“asregards”，“concerning”或“relatingto”，而不会用“about”；

“事实上”用“ineffect”，而不用“infact”；

“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”.

BinominalandMultinomialExpressions:

对一些关键性的词采用同义词连用以克服由于英语词一词多意可能产生的语意不明、避免合同双方按各自的意图来理解合同条文。

ThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.

本协议由甲方和乙方签订。

☑SyntacticFeatures:

conditionalsentence:

Incaseequipmentandtechnicalinformation,whicharerequestedinthecontract，arefoundmissing,SINOshallbeabletorequestINVESTORforreplacement.

合同规定设备和技术资料如有遗失，中方得要求投资人补交。

impersonalsentences:

“IthinkWeithoffhasthestrongerargumentonthispoint.”

“Weithoffhasthestrongerargumentonthispoint.”/”Weithoffprobablyhasthestrongerargumentonthispoint.”

在此处避免使用第一人称代词的方法是将“Ithink”从句子中删掉。

complexsentences:

AllprofitspaidbythecompanytoPartyC，allsalariesandallowancespaidbythecompanytoforeignpersonnel，alldirectexpensesincurredasaresultofthetechnologytransferandwhichmustbepaidbythecompanytoPartyCinforeigncurrencyandallotherpaymentsthatmustbemadebythecompanyinforeigncurrencythatbemadeinUnitedSlatesDollarsorsomeotherfreelyconvertiblecurrencythatismutuallyagreedupon．

该公司支付给C方的利润，外来人员的工资、津贴和因技术转让而发生的应以外币支付的直接费用，以及所有其他应以外币支付的款项，应以美元或相互同意的可自由兑换的货币支付。

usemorepassivevoice:

PartyBisherebyappointedbyPartyAasitsexclusivesalesagentinSingapore.

乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商。

3.3StructuralFeaturesofBusinessContracts:

SampleContract

⇨Readthesamplecontractcarefullyandanalyzeessentialtermsofthesamplecontract.

⇨Payattentiontothelinguisticandstructuralfeaturesofbusinesscontracts.

4.DraftingTechniquesof

4.2DraftingProcessofBusinessContracts

4.2.1Preparation—BeforeDrafting

a.Firstdraft;

b.Boilerplate;

c.RegulationsandPrecedent

4.2.2DraftingGuidelines

Useclear,simple,businesslikelanguage.

Makeeachclausedoonething,notmore.Outlinesbybreakingdownthewholecontractintoaseriesofsmallpoints.

Consultothersespeciallyexpertintheareaconcerned.

4.2.3DocumentReviewandRevision

Lookthroughthesubjectqualification;

Clarifythesubjectmatterofthecontract;

Insurethereasonablenessofsharedresponsibilities;

Guaranteethesecurityoftransactions;

Ensuretheaccuracyofcontractterms.

Janinewashospitalizedwithsevereabdominalpainandplacedinanintensivecareunit.

Herdoctortoldthehospitalpersonneltoorderaround-the-clocknursingcareforJanine.

Atthehospital’srequest,anursingservicesfirmprovidedtwoweeksofin-hospitalcareand,afterJaninewassenthome,anadditionaltwoweeksofat-homecare.

Duringtheat-homeperiodofcare,Janinewasfullyawarethatshewasreceivingthebenefitofthenursingservices.

NursingServiceslaterbilledJanine$4,000forthenursingcare,butJaninerefusedtopayonthegroundthatshehadnevercontractedfortheservices,eitherorallyorinwriting.

Inviewofthefactthatnoexpresscontractwaseverformed,canNursingServicesrecoverthe$4,000fromJanine?

Ifso,underwhatlegaltheory?

Discuss.

However,sometimesthelawwillcreateafictionalcontractinordertopreventonepartyfromunjustlyreceivingabenefitattheexpenseofanother.

ThisisknownasaquasicontractandprovidesabasisforNursingServicestorecoverthevalueoftheservicesitprovidedwhileJaninewasinthehospital.

Asfortheat-homeservicesthatwereprovidedtoJanine,becauseJaninewasawarethatthoseserviceswerebeingprovidedforher,NursingServicescanrecoverforthoseservicesunderanimplied-in-factcontract.

Underthistypeofcontract,theconductofthepartiescreatesanddefinestheterms.Janine’sacceptanceoftheservicesconstitutesheragreementtoformacontract,andshewillprobablyberequiredtopayNursingServicesinfull.

Chapter1

TheRoleofContractsinInternationalCommerce

---RALPHWALDOEMERSON

“Allsensiblepeopleareselfish,andnatureistuggingateverycontracttomakethetermsofitfair.”

Tounderstandthedefinitionofcontract;

Tounderstandthenatureofcontract;

Tobeawareofthemattersofmakingcontract,andhowtoavoidthesematters;

Terms

contract

agreement

mutualassent

practice

balanceofpower

standardformcontract

enforcement

commitment

governinglaw

remedy

1.Contract

1.1Definition

“apromiseorasetofpromisesforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.”（Restatement（Second）ofContracts§

1.）

“Acontractissimplyanagreementthatdefinesarelationshipbetweenoneormoreparties.”

Thesubstanceofthedefinitionofacontractisthatbymutualagreementorassent,thepartiescreateenforceabledutiesorobligations.

1.2Forms

Anycontractmaybeoralorwritten.

Writtentermsmayberecordedinasimplememorandum,certificate,orreceipt.

“thecontracttermsareusuallysupplementedandrestrictedbylaws…”

Thecontracttermsrequiredtobedefi