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@#@）@#@BestpracticesofBuildingInformationModelling（BIM）implementationindesignphaseforconstructionproject@#@Abstract.ImplementationofBuildingInformationModelling（BIM）wasexpectedtobringimprovementincurrentpracticesofMalaysianconstructionindustry.Inthedesignphase,thereisalackofareadypoolofskilledworkerswhoareabletodevelopBIMstrategicplanandeffectivelyutiliseit.ThesecreateboundariesforBIMnatureinMalaysianconstructionindustryspecificallyinthedesignphasetoachieveitsbestpractices.Therefore,theobjectivesofthisresearcharetoinvestigatethecurrentpracticesofBIMimplementationinthedesignphaseaswellasthebestpracticesfactorsofBIMimplementationinthedesignphase.Thequalitativeresearchapproachiscarriedoutthroughsemi-structuredinterviewswiththedesignersofdifferentorganisationswhichadoptBIMinthedesignphase.Datacollectionisanalysedbyexecutingcontentanalysismethod.Fromthefindings,thebestpracticesfactorsofBIMimplementationindesignphasesuchastheincentiveforBIMtraining,formalapproachtomonitoringautomatedLevelofDetailing（LOD）,runavirtualmeetingandimproveIndustryFoundationClass（IFC）.Thus,bestpracticesfactorswhichleadtopracticesimprovementsinthedesignphaseofprojectdevelopmentwhichsubsequentlyimprovestheimplementationofBIMinthedesignphaseofMalaysianconstructionindustry.@#@1.Introduction@#@Malaysianconstructionindustry’sprojectdevelopmentisdividedintothreemajorstages,whicharepre-constructionstage,constructionstageandpost-constructionstage[1].Thesethreestagesalsobeingcalledasa‘projectlifecycle’involvingnumerousworkers,alistofactivities,costs,andstakeholders.AccordingtoNationalCentreforConstructionEducationandResearch（2008）,therearethreeactivitiesinpre-constructionstage,whichareprojectdesign,costestimatesandprojectschedulingwhiletheactualconstructionworkiscarriedoutinconstructionstageandasinpost-constructionstage,finalinspection,projectadministration,projectcloseoutandoperatingandfacilitiesmanagementaretheactivitiesinvolved.Thisresearchisfocusingonpre-constructionstagesinceitplaysacriticalroletocommencetheconstructionproject.Thefirstphaseofpre-constructionstagewhichisadesignphase,itsnecessitytoverifythedesignsothattheprojectmeetsclient’srequirements.Designchallengesmusthavebeenresolvedbeforetheendofthefinaldesignstage.Furthermore,sufficientdetailsmustbeprovidedwiththedrawingsaswelltoallowaccurateconstructionestimatesandoperatingcoststogetherwiththeconstructionschedule.Ontheotherhand,inordertoachievesuccessinthecriticalphaseoftheprojectwhichisadesignphase,bestpracticesoftechnologyimplementationisvital.Moreover,MalaysianConstructionIndustryTransformationProgramme2016-2020（CITP）encouragestheadoptionofBuildingInformationModelling（BIM）technologyasaproductivityenhancingtoolwhichwillchangeinthewaytheindustriesgoesaboutdesigningabuildingandinfrastructureasathirdstrategicthrust[2].@#@BuildingInformationModelling（BIM）isoneofthetechnologieswhichrepresentstheprocessofdevelopmentandtheuseofacomputergeneratedmodeltoexecuteconstructionactivitiessuchasplanning,designing,constructingandoperationofabuildinginavirtualenvironment[3].Thus,BIMplaysitsownrolesinthedesignphasetobringthebasictraditionalmethodintothenewemergingmethodbytheuseof3Dand4Dparametricauthoringtoolsasobject-basedmodellingsoftware.BIMwasintroducedinMalaysianconstructionindustryin2007byPublicWorkDepartment（PWD）andtheimplementationofBIMwasexpectedtobringimprovementincurrentpracticesofMalaysianconstructionindustry.SwitchingfromComputer-AidedDrafting（CAD）toBuildingInformationModelling（BIM）bytheconstructionpartiescreatesseveralchallengesandbenefitsinthedesignphase,butyet,thebenefitsfromBIMimplementationoutweighthechallenges[4].BIMinMalaysianconstructionindustryisstillemergingbutyet,itiscurrentlypracticedbydevelopers.Inaddition,thereareseveralchallengesthatlimittheimplementationofBIMinMalaysianconstructionindustryfocusingonthedesignphasewhichwasdrivenbycost,markettrendsandorganizationalbehaviours[5].EventhoughBIMdrivestobenefits,therearestillbarrierstowardsimplementingitandachievingthosebenefits,forexample,‘lackofcompetentstafftooperatethesoftware’isthemostsignificantbarrierincontractor’sperspective[6].Thus,theawarenessofpotentialbenefitsofBIMimplementationisvitalandneedtobestrengthenedbyspreadingthereasononwhyitshouldbeimplementedatitsverybest,overcomingtheobstaclesandoptimizingitsadoptioninthedesignphaseofprojectdevelopment.@#@ThereisalackofskilledworkerswhoarecapableofdevelopingBIMimplementationstrategicplanandeffectivelyutilizeBIMinthedesignphase[2].ThestrategicplaninvolvestheselectionofBIMtoolstocarryoutdesigndevelopmentbyconsideringthestrengthsandweaknesses.Besides,BIMusageguidelineisalsolimitedregardingMalaysianwaysofworking.Here,BIMcanbechallengingandthereisnoremedytotreatthosechallengesandtransformitintopotentialbenefitsthattheadoptersmightget.Thiswillthengiveskepticismtotheconstructionfirmsinimplementingitataveryfirstphaseofprojectdevelopmentaswell.Therefore,toensurethebestpracticesofBIMinMalaysianconstructionindustry,itiscrucialtospreadtheawarenessofBIMadvantagesandinducementsamongallpartiesinthisindustryinordertoimprovethecurrentpracticesofBIMimplementationinthedesignphase.Severalbestpracticesarealreadyidentified,BIMtrainingforexample,butthereisaneedtofindthekeyfactortoensurethecontinuoussuccessofBIMtraining.Hence,thisresearchiscarriedouttoinvestigatethecurrentpracticesofBIMimplementationinthedesignphaseandthebestpracticesfactorsofBIMimplementationinthedesignphase.@#@2.BIMimplementationindesignphase@#@BuildingInformationModelling（BIM）isusedindiversewaysinprojectdevelopmentbythekeyplayersoftheconstructionindustry.Thearchitect,forexample,implementsBIMtoproducearchitecturaldrawings,followedbyengineersproducingstructuralorenergydatamanagementandcontractordevelopcoordinationmodelofthebuilding.Conceptdesigndoesnotonlyprovidesaframeworkofdesignintermsofitsstructure,spatiallayout,andenvironmentalcondition,butalsothecostestimates,buildingpracticesandtheaestheticconsiderationsaswell[7].Furthermore,BIMdoesprovideseveraltoolstoassistdesignersthatinvolveindesignphasewhichisAutodeskRevitthatcomposedofRevitArchitectural,RevitStructural,RevitMEPaswellasTeklaandBentleythatcurrentlypracticesinMalaysianconstructionindustry[8].Inbrief,therearevarioustypesofBIMtoolsavailablefordesignerstodevelopprojectdesigns.However,itisnotnecessarilyforcompaniesorfirmstopracticeonlyonetypeofBIMtoolsfortheirdesigners.Thisisduetothedifferencesinvolvingthedesignteamintermsofskills,preferencesanddesiredoutputs[9].Hence,monitoringisneededtoensurethedesignersachieveswhathasbeenexpectedfromthemintermofworkqualityandproductivityifthewholeteamdesignpracticesdifferentBIMtools.@#@InordertoincreasethepracticesofBuildingInformationModelling（BIM）inthedesignphase,itisimportanttoaddressthepotentialchallengesofitsimplementation.Fromchallengesidentification,solutionsandinitiativescouldbeaddressedafterward.Eventually,fromthesolutionsofthosechallenges,thebenefitsofBIMimplementationincludingitsawarenesswillefficientlyspreadamongthepartiesintheconstructionindustry.Inbrief,thereareseveralchallengeshighlightedbyvariousresearchersfocusingonBIMpracticesinthedesignphase.TheBIMimplementationchallengesindesignphasesuchaschangesinpractices,BIMdisruptsestablisheddesignworkflow,requiresskilleddesignteam,designerspreferences,timeconstraints,andintegrateduseofexpertmodels[7][10][5][11][12].Generally,itinvolvesdesignteamswithotherstakeholderssuchascontractorandsub-contractors,thisiswhereBIMimplementationcomestoitslimits.However,thosechallengesarequiteneededforthegovernment,Malaysiangovernment,forinstance,toenhanceinitiativesinordertoencouragetheuseofBIMimplementationinMalaysianconstructionindustry.Withoutchallengesandproblems,therewillbenolessonstolearnandimprovethecurrentpracticesofBIMimplementationinthedesignphase.@#@BuildingInformationModelling（BIM）offershugebenefitstotheadopters,especiallyinarchitectural,engineeringandconstruction（AEC）sector.However,thosebenefitsonlycouldbefullyachievedifthereareproperpracticesimplementsbytheadopters.WithoutbestpracticesofBIM,still,itishardtoexploitthebenefitsfromtheimplementation.Hence,itisimportanttoexecuteBIMimplementationbestpracticesstrategicplantoensuretheworksareclearlydefinedandunderstoodwhichmakesBIMasausefultooltodevelopconstructionprojects[13].Also,thebestpracticesfactorsofBIMimplementationinthedesignphas