二手汽车-外文文献翻译Word下载.doc

二手汽车-外文文献翻译Word下载.doc

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英文参考文献及译文

题目：

TheUsedCarIndustry

姓名：

马威

学院：

能源与动力工程

系别：

交通运输系

专业：

交通运输

班级：

交通运输09-2

指导教师：

高志鹰副教授

二〇一三年六月

Withannualsalesofnearly$370billion,theusedvehicleindustryrepresentsalmosthalfoftheU.S.autoretailmarketandisthelargestretailsegmentoftheeconomy.

In2005,about44millionusedcarsweresoldintheU.S.,whichismorethandoublethatofthenearly17millionnewcarssold.In1898,theEmpireStateMotorWagonCompanyisoneoftheveryfirstusedcarcompanies.Theusedvehiclemarketissubstantiallylargerthanotherlargeretailsectors,suchastheschoolandofficeproductsmarket（$206billioninestimatedannualsales）andthehomeimprovementmarket（$291billioninEstimatedannualsales）.TheFederalTradeCommissionrecommendsthatconsumersconsideracarretailer’sreputationwhendecidingwheretopurchaseausedcar.

IntheUnitedStates,anestimated34%ofconsumers（in2006）arebuyingaVehiclehistoryreportforusedcars.Vehiclehistoryreportsareonewaytocheckthetrackrecordofanyusedvehicle.Thereportmayindicateminor/moderatecollisiondamageorimpropervehiclemaintenance.

Thesereportswillindicateitemsofpublicrecord,suchasvehicletitlebranding,lemonlawbuybacks,odometerfraud,andproductrecallvehiclehistoryreportsprovidecustomerswitharecordbasedonthevehicle'

sserialnumber.

Anattempttoidentifyvehicleswhichhavebeenpreviouslyownedbyhirecarrentalagencies,policeandemergencyservicesortaxifleetsisalsomade.Consumersshouldresearchvehiclescarefully,asthesereportingservicesonlyreporttheinformationtowhichtheyhaveaccess.Insomeplacesthegovernmentisaproviderofvehiclehistory,butthisisusuallyalimitedserviceprovidinginformationonjustoneaspectofthehistory.TwovehiclehistoryreportingservicesusedtooffertheserviceforfreenamelyInstallVINandVinCheck.ButcurrentlycustomersneedtopaytoviewvehiclereportsthroughInstating.VinCheckbecamepartofAutoCheckandprovidesverylittleinformationforfree,andcustomersneedtobuyadetailedreport.

Severaloftheservices,mostnotablythoseintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,sellreportstodealersandthenencouragethedealerstodisplaythereportsontheirInternetsites.Thesereportsarepaidforbythedealerandthenofferedforfreetopotentialbuyersofthevehicle.Carcheckserviceisavailableonlineforthepublicandmotortrade.

Companiesmayaddtothereportsadditionalinformationgatheredfrompolice,financeandinsurancecompanies.

IntheUK,theDVLAprovidesinformation（Carcheck）ontheregistrationofvehiclestocertaincompaniesforconsumerprotectionandanti-fraudpurposes.Usedcarpricingreportstypicallyproducethreeformsofpricinginformation.DealerorRetailPriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttopayifbuyingfromalicensednew-carorused-cardealer—retailprice.DealerTrade-inPriceorwholesalepriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttoreceivefromadealerifyoutradeinacar.Thisisalsothepricethatadealerwilltypicallypayforacaratadealerwholesaleauction.Private-PartyPriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttopayifyouwerebuyingfromanindividual.Aprivate-partysellerishopingtogetmoremoneythantheywouldwithatrade-intoadealer.Aprivate-partybuyerishopingtopaylessthanthedealerretailprice.

ThegrowthoftheInternethasfueledtheavailabilityofinformationonthepricesofusedcars.Thisinformationwasonceonlyavailableintradepublicationsthatdealershadaccessto.Therearenownumeroussourcesforusedcarpricing.Multiplesourcesofusedcarpricingmeansthatlistedvaluesfromdifferentsourcesmaydiffer.Eachpricingguidereceivingdatafromdifferentsourcesandmakesdifferentjudgmentsaboutthatdata.Pricingofusedcarscanbeaffectedbygeography.Forexample,convertibleshaveahigherdemandinwarmerclimatesthanincoolerareas.Similarly,pickuptrucksmaybemoreindemandinruralthanurbansettings.Theoverallconditionofthevehiclehasamajorimpactonpricing.Conditionisbasedonappearances,vehiclehistory,mechanicalconditionandmileage.Thereismuchsubjectivityinhowtheconditionofacarisevaluated.

Therearevarioustheoriesastohowthemarketdeterminesthepricesofusedcarssoldbyprivateparties,especiallyrelativetonewcars.Onetheorysuggeststhatnewcardealersareabletoputmoreeffortintosellingacar,andcanthereforestimulatestrongerdemand.Anothertheorysuggeststhatownersofproblematiccars（"

lemons"

）aremorelikelytowanttoselltheircarsthanownersofperfectlyfunctioningvehicles.Therefore,someonebuyingausedcarbearsahigherriskofbuyingalemon.Acardealershiporvehiclelocaldistributionisabusinessthatsellsnewand/orusedcarsattheretaillevel,basedonadealershipcontractwithanautomakeroritssalessubsidiary.Itemploysautomobilesalespeopletodotheselling.Itmayalsoprovidemaintenanceservicesforcars,thusemployingautomobilemechanics,stockandsellspareautomobileparts,andprocesswarrantyclaims.

InChina,anauthorizedcardealershipiscalled4Scarshops.The4SrepresentsSale,Sparepart,ServiceandSurvey.Inmostcases,brand-namenewcarscanbepurchasedonlyfrom4Sshops.Fornewcarsinhighdemand,apremiumissometimesaddedforinstantdeliveryorjustplacinganorder.Likewise,carswithhighsupplyareoftendiscounted.TheprofitofcardealersinChinaisquitehighcomparedtotherestoftheworld,inmostcases10%.Thisisduetothenon-transparentinvoicepriceasannouncedbymanufacturersandtothepremiumstheychargeforquickdelivery.Duetothelackofknowledgeformostcustomers,dealerscanselladd-onsatmuchhigherpricesthantheaftermarket.ThisfieldisruledbyCommissionRegulation（EC）NO1400/2002of31July2002,ontheapplicationofarticle81（3）oftheTreatytocategoriesofverticalagreementsandconcertedpracticesinthemotorvehiclesector.

IntheMemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion,motorvehicleandsparepartmanufacturersdistributetheirproductsthroughnetworksofdistributors.Asfarasmotorvehiclesareconcerned,thesedistributorsarecommonlyknownasdealers.Motorvehiclemanufacturersandotherundertakingsalsooperatenetworksofauthorizedrepairers.Suchadistributionorrepairnetworkconsistsofabundleofsimilaragreementsbetweenthemanufacturerandtheindividualdistributorsorbodyshops.ForthepurposesofEUcompetitionlaw,theseagreementsarereferredtoasverticalagreements,asthemanufactureranddistributororrepairereachoperateatdifferentlevelsoftheproductionordistributionchain.

Whetheraverticalagreementactuallyrestrictscompetitionandwhetherinthatcasethebenefitsoutweightheanti-competitiveeffectswilloftendependonthemarketstructure.ThenewRegulation1400/2002,whichenteredintoforceon1October2002,introducesanumberofsubstantialchangesasregardstheexemptionofdistributionagreementsfornewmotorvehiclesandspareparts.Italsointroducesmajorchanges]asregardstheexemptionofagreementsfortheprovisionofrepairandmaintenanceservicesbyauthorizedandindependentrepairersandotherindependentoperators,suchasonroadassistanceoperators,distributorsofsparepartsandprovidersoftrainingforrepairers.

AutoTransportisusedtomovethevehiclefromthefactorytothedealerships.Thisincludescountrytocountryshippingaswellasstatetostateshipping.Autoshippingandtransportwaslargelyacommercialactivityconductedbydealers,manufacturersandbrokersuntilthelasttentofifteenyears.TheexplosionofInternetusehasallowedthisnicheservicetogrowandreachthegeneralconsumermarketplace.ThiscarshippingindustryhasgrownexplosivelysincetheadventoftheInternet.Peoplearenowabletopurchasecarsfromanywhereintheworldandhavethemshippedtotheirdoorstep.

UsedCarRoadshowisacarprogrammethatwasoriginallyairedontheMen&

Motorschannel,butnowitisalsoshownonITV4.TheshowispresentedbyPennyMalloryandJasonDawe.Theshowairsforonehour.EachprogrammeisfilmedatcarshowsthroughouttheUK,whereenthusiastsdisplaytheircarsandcollections,aswellassomewhowanttosellandbuycars.PennyandJasonalwaysattempttopickthemosteyecatchingandunusualcarsattheseshows,aswellasdemonstratingbargainsthatcanbehadfromtheusedcarmarket.Everyprogrammehasadifferentscenario,whereaviewingmemberofthepublicislookingtobuyausedcar.Scenarioscanvaryfromthebudget-consciousstudentwantingtospendnomorethan£

1500,tothemid20yearoldwantingasportscarfornomorethan£

20,000.Therearealsoinbetweenswhowantsomethingeconomical,orgoodforlongdistancetouring,orforthefamily.TheygiveJasonthespecificationstheywant,andthethingstheywouldlikeandnotlike.

ThroughouttheshowJasoncomesupwithdifferentcarstosuitthebuyer'

sneeds,summarizingthepositivesandnegatives.Heoftenpicksthreecars,withonemysterycarthrownintointerestthebuyer.NormallythebuyerisgiventhreecarstoexamineanddecidefromwiththeguidanceofPennyandJasonthroughout,fromwhichonehastobedroppedbeforetheothertwocanbetested.ThetestdriveisnormallytakenwithPennyonboard,whogivesheropinionsonthecartogivethebuyerabetterinsightastowhattheymaywant.Ifthebuyerdecidesthathe/shedoesnotl