Information Systems in BusinessChap005docresWord格式文档下载.docx

Information Systems in BusinessChap005docresWord格式文档下载.docx

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2.Outlinetheadvantagesofadatabasemanagementapproachtomanagingthedataresourcesofabusiness,comparedwithafileprocessingapproach.

3.Explainhowdatabasemanagementsoftwarehelpsbusinessprofessionalsandsupportstheoperationsandmanagementofabusiness.

4.Provideexamplestoillustrateeachofthefollowingconcepts:

a.Majortypesofdatabases.

b.Datawarehousesanddatamining.

c.Logicaldataelements.

d.Fundamentaldatabasestructures.

e.Databasedevelopment.

SUMMARY

•DataResourceManagement.Dataresourcemanagementisamanagerialactivitythatappliesinformationtechnologyandsoftwaretoolstothetaskofmanaginganorganization’sdataresources.Earlyattemptstomanagedataresourcesusedafileprocessingapproachinwhichdatawereorganizedandaccessibleonlyinspecializedfilesofdatarecordsthatweredesignedforprocessingbyspecificbusinessapplicationprograms.Thisapproachprovedtoocumbersome,costly,andinflexibletosupplytheinformationneededtomanagemodernbusinessprocessesandorganizations.Thus,thedatabasemanagementapproachwasdevelopedtosolvetheproblemsoffileprocessingsystems.

•DatabaseManagement.Thedatabasemanagementapproachaffectsthestorageandprocessingofdata.Thedataneededbydifferentapplicationsareconsolidatedandintegratedintoseveralcommondatabasesinsteadofbeingstoredinmanyindependentdatafiles.Also,thedatabasemanagementapproachemphasizesupdatingandmaintainingcommondatabases,havingusers’applicationprogramssharethedatainthedatabase,andprovidingareportingandaninquiry/responsecapabilitysoenduserscaneasilyreceivereportsandquickresponsestorequestsforinformation.

•DatabaseSoftware.Databasemanagementsystemsaresoftwarepackagesthatsimplifythecreation,use,andmaintenanceofdatabases.Theyprovidesoftwaretoolssoendusers,programmers,anddatabaseadministratorscancreateandmodifydatabases,interrogateadatabase,generatereports,doapplicationdevelopment,andperformdatabasemaintenance.

•TypesofDatabases.Severaltypesofdatabasesareusedbybusinessorganizations,includingoperational,distributed,andexternaldatabases.Datawarehousesareacentralsourceofdatafromotherdatabasesthathavebeencleaned,transformed,andcatalogedforbusinessanalysisanddecisionsupportapplications.Thatincludesdatamining,whichattemptstofindhiddenpatternsandtrendsinthewarehousedata.HypermediadatabasesontheWorldWideWebandoncorporateintranetsandextranetsstorehyperlinkedmultimediapagesonaWebsite.WebserversoftwarecanmanagesuchdatabasesforquickaccessandmaintenanceoftheWebdatabase.

•DataAccess.Datamustbeorganizedinsomelogicalmanneronphysicalstoragedevicessothattheycanbeefficientlyprocessed.Forthisreason,dataarecommonlyorganizedintologicaldataelementssuchascharacters,fields,records,files,anddatabases.Databasestructures,suchasthehierarchical,network,relational,andobject-orientedmodels,areusedtoorganizetherelationshipsamongthedatarecordsstoredindatabases.Databasesandfilescanbeorganizedineitherasequentialordirectmannerandcanbeaccessedandmaintainedbyeithersequentialaccessordirectaccessprocessingmethods.

•DatabaseDevelopment.Thedevelopmentofdatabasescanbeeasilyaccomplishedusingmicrocomputerdatabasemanagementpackagesforsmallend-userapplications.However,thedevelopmentoflargecorporatedatabasesrequiresatop-downdataplanningeffortthatmayinvolvedevelopingenterpriseandentityrelationshipmodels,subjectareadatabases,anddatamodelsthatreflectthelogicaldataelementsandrelationshipsneededtosupporttheoperationandmanagementofthebasicbusinessprocessesoftheorganization.

KEYTERMSANDCONCEPTS

1.Datadependence（194）:

Thedegreetowhichagivensoftwareapplicationdependsontheformatofstoreddata.Thegreaterthedependenceonformat,thegreaterthelong-termprogrammaintenancecosts.

2.Datadictionary（180）:

Asoftwareapplicationanddatabasecontainingdescriptionsanddefinitionsconcerningthestructure,dataelements,interrelationships,andothercharacteristicsofanorganization’sdatabases.

3.Dataintegration（194）:

Thedegreetowhichnecessarydataisintegratedintoasingledatabaseforaccess.

4.Dataintegrity（195）:

Referstotheaccuracyofthedatastoredwithinadatabase.

5.Datamining（191）:

Aprocesswheredatainadatawarehouseissearchedandanalyzedtodiscoveruseful,newinsights.

6.Datamodelling（182）:

Aprocesswheretherelationshipsbetweendataelementsareidentifiedanddefined.

7.Dataredundancy（194）:

Thedegreetowhichdatahasbeenduplicatedbetweenvariousfilesanddatabases.Thegreatertheredundancy,themoredifficultdatamaintenancetasksbecome.

8.Dataresourcemanagement（185）:

Amanagerialactivitythatappliesinformationsystemstechnologyandmanagementtoolstothetaskofmanaginganorganization’sdataresources.Itsthreemajorcomponentsaredatabaseadministration,dataadministration,anddataplanning.

9.Databaseadministrator（180）:

Aspecialistresponsibleforthedevelopment,maintenance,andsecurityofanorganization’sdatabases.

10.Databaseinterrogation（198）:

Theactivitiesassociatedwithretrievingdatainadatabase.

11.Databasemanagementapproach（196）:

Anapproachtothestorageandprocessingdatainwhichindependentfilesareconsolidatedintoacommonpoolordatabaseofrecordsandmadeavailabletodifferentapplicationprogramsandendusersforprocessinganddataretrieval.

12.Databasemanagementsystem-DBMS（196）:

Asetofcomputerprogramsthatcontrolsthecreation,maintenance,anduseofanorganization'

sdatabases.

13.Databasestructure（174）:

Themannerorformatinwhichdataareorganizedwithinfiles.

a.Hierarchicalstructure（175）:

Alogicaldatastructureinwhichtherelationshipsbetweenrecordsformahierarchyortreestructure.Therelationshipsamongrecordsareone-to-many,sinceeachdataelementisrelatedonlytotheparentelementaboveit.

b.Multidimensionalmodel（177）:

Arelationaldatabasecontainingsummaryinformationcrosstabulatedbyvariousdatacategories.

c.Networkstructure（175）:

Allowsmany-to-manyorweb-likerelationshipsbetweendatarecords.

d.Object-orientedmodel（178）:

Usesobjectsasdataelements,i.e.elementsthatincludebothdataandthemethodsorprocessesthatactonthedata.

e.Relationalmodel（176）:

Alogicaldatastructureinwhichalldataelementswithinthedatabaseareviewedasbeingstoredintheformoftables.Applicationscanlinkrecordsbetweenvarioustablesviacommondataelements.

14.Duplication（189）:

Aprocessthatcopiesonemasterdatabasetomultiplesitesatpre-arrangedtimes;

alsoknownas"

mirroring"

.

15.Fileprocessing（193）:

Dataorganized,stored,andprocessedinindependentfilesofdatarecordsandaccessedandmanipulateddirectlybyoneormoreapplications.

16.Logicaldataelements（170）:

Aconceptualframeworkofseverallevelsofdatarepresentingvariousdatagroupings.

a.Character（170）:

Themostbasiclogicaldataelement,consistingofasinglealphabetic,numeric,orothersymbol.

b.Field（170）:

Adataelementconsistingofagroupingofcharactersthatdescribeasingleattributeofanentity.

c.Record（170）:

Acollectionofrelateddatafieldsthattakentogetherdescribeasingleentity.

d.File（173）:

Acollectionofrelatedrecordstreatedasaunit.Sometimescalledadataset.

e.Database（174）:

Acollectionoflogicallyrelatedfilesortables.Adatabaseconsolidatesfilesortablesintoacommonpoolthatservesmanyapplications.

f.Attribute（170）:

Acharacteristicorqualityofanentity.

g.Entity（170）:

Aperson,place,orthing.

17.Metadata（180）:

Datadescribingtheattributes,entities,relationships,andothercharacteristicsofadatabase.

18.StructuredQueryLanguage（198）:

Ahigh-levelhuman-likelanguageprovidedbyadatabasemanagementsystemthatenablesuserstoextractdataandinformationfromadatabase.

19.Replication（189）:

Aperiodictwo-wayexchangeofinformationadditions,deletions,andchangesbetweendatabasessotheyonceagaincontainidenticalinformation.

20.Typesofdatabases（185）:

Informationstructuresreflectingvariousinformationstorageandretrievaloptimizationtheoriesthathaveevolvedovertime.

a.Datawarehouse（190）:

Acentralstoreofdatathathasbeencopiedfromvariousorganizationaldatabases,standardized,andintegratedforusethroughoutanorganization.

b.Distributed（180）:

Theconceptofmirroringorreplicatingdatabasesorportionsofadatabasetoremotesiteswherethedataismoreeasilyaccessed.Sharingismadepossiblethroughanetworkconnectingthedatabases.

c.External（189）:

Commerciallyoperateddatabasesthatprovideinformationforafeeandthatcanbeaccessedthroughwideareanetworks.

d.Hypermedia（189）:

Awebsitestoresinformationinadatabaseconsistingofahomepageandotherhyperlinkedpagesofmultimediaormixedmedia（text,graphicsandphotographicimages,videoclips,