综合计划文档格式.docx
《综合计划文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《综合计划文档格式.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
identifyingrelevantconstraints,alternatives,andcosts;
preparingandapprovingaplan;
andimplementingandupdatingtheplan.
Althoughspreadsheets,thetransportationmethod,andlinearprogrammingcanhelpanalyzecomplicatedalternatives,aggregateplanningisprimarilyanexerciseinconflictresolutionandcompromise.Ultimately,decisionsaremadebymanagers,notbyquantitativemethods.【complicated[]复杂的__resolution[]决心,决定】
综合计划:
Howtoaggregate
Whatitemsshouldbeaggregated?
Whycompaniesneedaggregateplansandhowtheyusethemtotakeamacro,orbig-picture,viewoftheirbusiness?
Theaggregateplanisusefulbecauseitfocusesonageneralcourseofaction,consistentwiththecompany’sstrategicgoalsandobjectives公司的战略设想和目标,withoutgettingboggeddown陷入困境indetails.Forthisreason,productionandstaffingplansarepreparedbygrouping,oraggregating,similarproducts,services,unitoflabor,orunitsoftime.
Forinstance,amanufacturerofbicyclesthatproduces12differentmodelsofbikesmightdividethemintotwogroups,mountainbikesandroadbikes,forthepurposeofpreparingtheaggregateplan.Itmightalsoconsideritsworkforceneedsintermsofunitsoflaborneededpermonth.Ingeneral,companiesaggregateproductsorservices,labor,andtime.
Theaggregateplanisusefulbecauseitfocusesonageneralcourseofaction,consistentwiththecompany'
sstrategicgoalsandobjectives公司的战略设想和目标,withoutgettingboggeddownindetails.
Toreducethelevelofdetailrequiredintheplanningprocess,productsorservicesareaggregatedintoProductfamilies产品或服务家族,andLaborisaggregatedalongproductfamilylines产品家族线oraccordingtothegeneralskillsorservicesprovided.Timeisaggregatedintoperiodsofmonthsorquarters.
产品家族Productfamilies
Agroupofproductsorservicesthathavesimilardemandrequirementsandcommonprocessing,labor,andmaterialsrequirements相似的需求和相同的加工、劳动力和物料要求iscalledaproductfamily产品家族.
Commonandrelevantmeasurements,suchasunits,dollars,standardhours,gallons,orpound,shouldbeused.
Sometimesproductfamiliesrelatetomarketgroupingor,inthecaseofproductionplans,tospecificmanufacturingprocesses.
Afirmcanaggregateitsproductsorservicesintoasetofrelativelybroadfamilies公司可将其产品或服务综合成相对宽泛的家族,avoidingmuchdetailatthestageoftheplanningprocess.
Forexample,considerthebicyclemanufacturerthathasaggregatedallproductsintotwofamilies:
mountainbikesandroadbikes.
劳动力Labor
Acompanycanaggregatelaborinvariousways,dependingonworkforceflexibility公司可用多种方式对劳动力进行综合,这主要取决于劳动力柔性.
Forexample,ifworkersatthebicyclemanufactureraretrainedtoworkoneithermountainbikesorroadbikes,forplanningpurposesmanagementcanconsideritsworkforcetobeasingleaggregategroup,eventhoughtheskillsofindividualworkersmaydiffer.
Alternatively,managementcanaggregatelaboralongproductfamilylinesbysplittingtheworkforceintosubgroupsandassigningadifferentgrouptotheproductionofeachproductfamily.
Inserviceoperations,suchasacitygovernment,workersareaggregatedbythetypeofservicetheyprovide:
firefighters,policeofficers,sanitationworkers,andadministrators.
时间Time
Aplanninghorizonisthelengthoftimecoveredbyanaggregateplan综合计划所涵盖的时间长度称为计划周期.Typically,theplanninghorizonisoneyear,althoughitcandifferinvarioussituations.
Toavoidtheexpenseanddisruptiveeffectoffrequentchangesinoutputratesandtheworkforce,adjustmentsusuallyaremademonthlyorquarterly.Inotherwords,thecompanylooksattimeintheaggregate—months,quarters,orseasons,ratherthandaysorhours.
Inpractice,planningperiodsreflectabalancebetweentheneedsfor:
1)alimitednumberofdecisionpointstoreduceplanningcomplexity[]and2)flexibilitytoadjustoutputratesandworkforcelevelswhendemandforecastsexhibitseasonalvariations.
Itshouldconcentrateonthemanagerialinputs,objectives,alternatives,andstrategiesassociatedwithaggregateplans.
管理输入Managerialinputs
Whatkindofcross-functionalcoordinationisneeded?
Managerialinputs管理输入arerequiredfromthevariousfunctionalareasintheorganization组织中的各个职能领域.Thisapproachtypicallyraisesconflictingobjectives相互冲突的目标,suchashighcustomerservice,astableworkforce,andlowinventoryinvestment.Creativityandcross-functionalcompromise创造性和跨职能部门的折衷arerequiredtoreconciletheseconflicts协调冲突.
Managerialinputsfromfunctionalareastoaggregateplans
Thefigureshowsthetypesofinformationthatmangersfromvariousfunctionalareassupplytoaggregateplans.
Howtocoordinate
Whatkindofcross-functionalcoordinationisneeded需要哪一种跨职能部门的协调?
Onewayofensuringthenecessarycross-functionalcoordinationandsupplyofinformationistocreateacommitteeoffunctional-arearepresentatives创建职能领域的代表委员会.
Thecommitteeoffunctional-arearepresentatives,chairedbyageneralmanager由总经理主持,hastheoverallresponsibilitytomakesurethatcompanypoliciesarefollowed,conflictsareresolved,andafinalplanisapproved.
方式
Thetwobasictypesofalternativesarereactiveandaggressive.Reactivealternatives响应式的方法takecustomerdemandasagiven.Aggressivealternatives进取式的方法attempttochangethetimingorquantityofcustomertostabilizeproductionorserviceratesandreduceinventoryrequirements.【】
响应方式Reactivealternatives
Whatoptionsshouldbeconsideredtorespondingtounevendemand?
Reactivealternativesareactionsthatcanbetakentocopewithdemandrequirements.
Typically,anoperationsmanagercontrolsreactivealternatives典型地,营运经理控制响应式综合计划.Thatis,theoperationsmanageracceptsforecasteddemandasagivenandmodifiesworkforcelevels,overtime,vacationschedules,inventorylevels,subcontracting,andplannedbacklogstomeetthatdemand.
Decisionsabouttheuseofeachalternativeforeachperiodoftheplanninghorizonspecifytheoutputrateforeachperiod.Inotherwords,theoutputrateisafunctionofthechoicesamongthesealternatives.
1.Workforceadjustment
Managementcanadjustworkforcelevelsbyhiringorlayingoffemployees.Theuseofthisalternativecanbeattractiveiftheworkforceislargelyunskilledorsemiskilledandthelaborpoolislarge.
Attention:
Foraparticularcompany,thesizeofthequalifiedlaborpoolmaylimitthenumberofnewemployeesthatcanbehiredatanyonetime.Also,newemployeesmustbetrained,andthecapacityofthetrainingfacilitiesthemselvesmightlimitthenumberofnewhiresatanyonetime.
2.Anticipationinventory预期存货
Aplantfacingseasonaldemandcanstockanticipationinventoryduringlightdemandperiodsanduseitduringheavydemandperiods.
Althoughthisapproachstabilizesoutputratesandworkforcelevels,itcanbecostlybecausethevalueoftheproductisgreatestinitsfinishedstate.
3.Workforceutilization
Analternativetoworkforceadjustmentisworkforceutilizationinvolvingovertimeandunder-time.
(1)加班Overtime
Overtimeindicatesthetimethatemployeesworkthatislongerthantheregularworkdayorworkweek加班是指员工的工作时间比正常工作日长的时间,forwhichtheyreceiveadditionalpayfortheextrahours.
Overtimecanbeusedtosatisfyoutputrequirementsthatcannotbecompletedonregulartime.
Overtimeisexpensive(typically150percentoftheregular-timepayrate).Moreover,workersoftendonotwanttoworkalotofovertimeforanextendedperiodoftime,andexcessiveovertimemayresultindecliningqualityandproductivity.
(2)减班Under-time
Under-timeindicatesthesituationthatoccurswhenemployeesdonotworkproductivityfortheregular-timeworkdayorworkweek.
Under-timeoccurswhenlaborcapacityexceedsaperiod’sdemandrequirements(netofanticipationinventory)andthisexcesscapacitycannotorshouldnotbeusedproductivitytobuildupinventoryortosatisfycustomerordersearlierthanthedeliverydatesalreadypromised.
Whenproductsorservicesarecustomized,anticipationinventoryisn’tusuallyanoption.
Under-timecaneitherbepaidorunpaid减班可以是有薪也可以是无薪的.Anexampleofunpaidunder-timeiswhenpart-timeemployeesarepaidonlyforthehoursordaysworked.Anexampleofpaidunder-timeiswhenemployeesarekeptonthepayrollratherthanbeinglaidoff.
4.Vacationschedules
Afir