托福阅读理解文档doc.docx

托福阅读理解文档doc.docx

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托福阅读理解文档doc

Theoceanbottom，aregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotallandareaoftheEarth，iseventodaylargelyunexplored.Untilaboutacenturyago，thedeep-oceanfloorwascompletelyinaccessibleandhiddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3，600metersdeep.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth'ssurface，thedeep-oceanbottomisastrangeenvironmenttohumans，insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteastheouterspace. 

Althoughresearchershavetakensamplesofdeep-oceanrocksforovera 

century，thefirstdetailedglobalstudyoftheoceanbottomdidnotactuallystartuntil1968，withthebeginningoftheNationalScienceFoundation'sDeepSeaDrillingProject（DSDP）.Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry，theDSDP'sdrillship，theGlomarChallenger，wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean'ssurfaceanddrillinverydeep

 waters，takingsamplesofrockfromtheoceanfloor. 

TheGlomarChallengercompleted96voyagesina15-year-researchprogramthatende

dinNovember1983.Duringthistime，itsailed600，000kilometersandtookalmost 

20，000samplesofrocksaroundtheworld.Thosesampleshaveallowedgeologiststoreconstructwhattheplanetlookedlikehundredsofmillionsofyearsagoandtomakeoutwhat 

itwillprobablylooklikemillionsofyearsinthefuture.Today，largelyonthestrengthofevidencegatheredduringtheGlomarChallenger'svoyages，nearlyallearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplatetectonics（构造学）andcontinentaldriftthatexplainsmanyofthegeologicalprocesses. 

ThesamplesofrocksdrilledbytheGlomarChallengerhavealsoprovidedaclimaticrecordstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.Theinformationof

 pastclimaticchangescanbeusedtopredictfutureclimates. 

BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth.ForeverythreeCanadiansin1945,therewereoverfivein1966.InSeptember1966Canada'spopulationpassedthe20millionmark.Mostofthissurginggrowthcamefromnaturalincrease.Thedepressionofthe1930'sandthewarhadheldbackmarriages,andthecatching-upprocessbeganafter1945.Thebabyboomcontinuedthroughthedecadeofthe1950's,producingapopulationincreaseofnearlyfifteenpercentinthefiveyearsfrom1951to1956.ThisrateofincreasehadbeenexceededonlyoncebeforeinCanada'shistory,inthedecadebefore1911,whentheprairieswerebeingsettled.Undoubtedly,thegoodeconomicconditionsofthe1950'ssupportedagrowthinthepopulation,buttheexpansionalsoderivedfromatrendtowardearliermarriagesandanincreaseintheaveragesizeoffamilies.In1957'theCanadianbirthratestoodat28perthousand,oneofthehighestintheworld.

Afterthepeakyearof1957,thebirthrateinCanadabegantodecline.Itcontinuedfallinguntilin1966itstoodatthelowestlevelin25years.Partlythisdeclinereflectedthelowlevelofbirthsduringthedepressionandthewar,butitwasalsocausedbychangesinCanadiansociety.Youngpeoplewerestayingatschoollonger;morewomenwereworking;youngmarriedcoupleswerebuyingautomobilesorhousesbeforestartingfamilies;rising;livingstandardswerecuttingdownthesizeoffamilies.ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.

AlthoughthegrowthinCanada'spopulationhadsloweddownby1966（theincreaseinthefirsthalfofthe1960'swasonlyninepercent）,anotherlargepopulationwavewascomingoverthehorizon.Itwouldbecomposedofthechildrenwhowerebornduringtheperiodofthehighbirthratepriorto1957.

Areorganicallygrownfoodsthebestfoodchoices?

Theadvantagesclaimedforsuchfoodsoverconventionallygrownandmarketedfoodproductsarenowbeingdebated.Advocatesoforganicfoodsfrequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.

ThegrowinginterestofconsumersinthesafetyandnutritionalqualityofthetypicalNorthAmericandietisawelcomedevelopment.However,muchofthisinteresthasbeensparkedbysweepingclaimsthatthefoodsupplyisunsafeorinadequateinmeetingnutritionalneeds.Althoughmostoftheseclaimsarenotsupportedbyscientificevidence,thegreaternumberofwrittenmaterialadvancingsuchclaimsmakeitdifficultforthegeneralpublictoseparatefactfromfiction.Asaresult,claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandform.thebasisforfolklore.

Almostdailythepublicissurroundedbyclaimsfor"no-aging"diets,newvitamins,andotherwonderfoods.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones,thatcropsgrownwithorganicfertilizersarenutritionallysuperiortochosewithchemicalfertilizers,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrains,andthelike.

Onethingthatmostorganicallygrownfoodproductsseemtohaveincommonisthattheycostmorethanconventionallygrownfoods.Butinmanycasesconsumersaremislediftheybelieveorganicfoodscanmaintainhealthandprovidebetternutritionalqualitythanconventionallygrownfoods.Sothereisrealcauseforconcernffconsumers,particularlythosewithlimitedincomes,distrusttheregularfoodsupplyandbuyonlyexpensiveorganicfoodsinstead.

TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual（仪式）.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.

Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,andwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium".Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonated（模仿，扮演）otherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.

Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisview,tales（aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats）aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.

StaggeringtasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates,NorthandSouth,whentheCivilWarended.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersflorabothsideshastobedemobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,andreabsorbedbythedevastatedeconomy.Civilgovernmentalsohadtobeputbackonapeacetimebasisandinterferencefromthemilitaryhadtobestopped.

ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.Industrieshadtoadjusttopeacetimeconditions:

factorieshadtoberetooledforcivilianneeds.

FinancialproblemsloomedlargeinboththeNorthandtheSouth.Thenationaldebthadshotupfromamodest565millionin1861,theyearfilewarstarted,tonearly53billionin1865,theyearthewarended.Thiswasacolossalsumforthosedaysbutonethataprudentgovernmentcouldpay.Atthesametime,wartaxeshadtobereducedtolessburdensomelevels.

Physicaldevastationcausedbyinvadingarmies,chieflyintheSouthandBorderStates,hadtoberepaired.Thisherculeantaskwasultimatelycompleted,butwithdiscouragingslowness.

Otherimportantquestionsneededanswering.Whatwouldbethefutureofthefourmillionblackpeoplewhowerefreedfromslavery?

.OnwhatbasisweretheSouthernStatestobebroughtbackintotheUnion?

Whatofthesouthernleaders,allofwhomwereliabletochargeoftreason?

Oneoftheseleaders,JeffersonDavis,presidentoftheSouthernConfederacy,wasthesubjectofaninsultingpopularNorthernsong,"HangJeffDavisfromaSourAppleTree"andevenchildrensangit.Daviswastemporarilychainedinhisprisoncellduringtheearlydaysofhistwo-yearimprisonment.Butheandtheothersouthernleaderswerefinallyreleased,partlybecauseitwasunlikelythatajuryfromVirginia,asouthernconfederatestate,wouldconvictthem.AlltheleaderswerefinallypardonedbyPresidentJohnsonin1868inanefforttohelpreconstructioneffortsproceedwithaslittlebitternessaspossible.