水文地质专业英语词汇表.docx

水文地质专业英语词汇表.docx

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水文地质专业英语词汇表

APPENDIX

DictionaryofWaterTerms

Absolutedrought:

Usuallyappliedtoperiodsof15consecutivedaysormorecharacterizedbylessthan0~25mmrainfalldaily.

Absorption（water）:

Theimbibingofwaterbyasoilorrock,aquantityexpressedinpercentagetermsoftheoriginaldryweight.

Acidification:

Usingacid（normallyhydrochloric）toincreasewatersupplyfromaboreholefailingduetoencrustationonscreensandslottedpipes.

Acre:

Aunitofareaequalto4840yd2（or0.4047hectare,4047m2）.

Acrefoot:

Thatvolumeofwaterwhichwillcover1acretoadepthof1ft.Equalto1233.5m3.

Adit:

Arectangularheadingortunneleitherhorizontalorinclinedfortappinggroundwater.Oftendrivenfromashaftandmaybelinedorunlined.

Adsorbedwater:

Thatwaterwhichisretainedinamassofsoilbyphysical-chemicalforces.

Aeration,zoneofSubsurfacebetweenthesurfaceandthewatertabledivisibleintoabeltofsoilwater,anintermediateregionandalowermostcapillaryfringe.

Air-liftpump:

Apieceofequipmentcapableofliftingwaterinawellandcomprisinganaircompressoratthesurfaceandtwopipeshangingdownverticallywithoneinsidetheother.Thesmallerpipedeliverscompressedairtothedepthofoccurrenceofwaterwhereanozzledischargesitintothefreewaterand,byaeration,causesitsdensitytodrop.Thereafter,thewater/airmixtureisforcedupwardsbytheheadofgroundwater.

Airlinecorrection:

Acorrectionnecessaryinthemeasurementofwaterdepthinordertodeterminetruedepth.

Apparentvelocityofgroundwater:

Theapparentrateofmovementofgroundwaterinthezoneofsaturationisexpressiblethus:

V=Q/A,whereQisthevolumeofwaterpassingthroughacross-sectionofareaAinunittime.

Appropriatedrights,water:

Anindividual'srightstotheexclusiveusageofwaterbasedstrictlyuponpriorityofappropriationandthebeneficialutilizationofthewaterwithoutlimitationoftheplaceofusage.

Aquiclude:

Astratumoflowporosityabsorbingwaterslowlyandnottransmittingitfreelyenoughtocompriseusefulsuppliesforawell.

Aquifer-Apermeabledepositwhichcanyieldusefulquantitiesofwaterwhentappedbyawell.

Aquifuge:

Animperviousrockdevoidofinterconnectedfissures,voidsoropeningswhichcannoteitherabsorbortransmitwater.

Artesianaquifer（confinedaquifer）:

Anaquiferinwhichthewaterisunderpressureandconfinedbeneathanimpermeabledeposit.

Artesianhead,negative:

Usedinregardtoawellinwhichthehydrostaticpressureisnegativeandthefreewaterlevelisbelowtheexistingwatertable.

Artesianhead,positive:

Usedinregardtoawellinwhichthehydrostaticpressureispositiveandthefreewaterlevelisabovetheexistingwatertable.

Artesianslope:

Thisreferstoanartesianaquiferdippingbeneathimpermeablestrata,groundwaterbeingstoredthereunderpressure.

ArtesianweltAwelltappingartesianwater.

Artificialrecharge:

Theaugmentationofnaturalrecharge,usuallybyspreadingofwateronthesurface.

Attachedgroundwater:

Thepartofgroundwaterwhichisretainedonparticlesurfacesagainsttheforceofgravityduringpumpingordrainage.

Augers:

Manuallyoperatedorpowerdrivenboringtoolsfromabout1~to24in（40to610mm）diameter.

Averagevelocityofgroundwater:

Themeandistancecoveredbymassofgroundwaterperunitoftime（equaltototalvolumeofgroundwaterpassingthroughunitcross-sectionalareaperunitoftimedividedbytheporosityofthemedium）.

Backblowing:

Improvingwateryieldfromborehole,especiallyinfissuredrocks,byuseofcompressedairwhichiseitherpumpedintothemoremployedtopumpinairuntilmaximumpressureisattainedandthenreleased.

Basin:

Thisistopographicallyeitherariver-drainedareaorlowlyinglandencircledbyhills.Thegeologicalmeaningisdifferentandgiventoanareainwhichstratifiedrockstratadiptowardsacentralpoint,thesestrataPossessingacentroclinaldip.

Basinrecharge:

Thedifferencebetweenprecipitationandrunoffplusotherlosses,i.e.thatpartofprecipitationwhichresidesasgroundwater,surfacestorageandsoilmoisture.

Batteryofwells:

Severalwellsinaconvenientradiuswhichareconnectedtoamainpumpforwaterwithdrawal.

Beltofphreaticfluctuation:

Thatmassofrocksinthelithosphereinwhichthefluctuationofwatertabletakesplace.

Beltofsoilwater:

Theupperpartofthezoneofaerationcontainingsoilmoisture

Bernoulli'sTheorem:

Relatingtoflowinconduits,thisassertsthatifaperfect,incompressiblefluidisflowinginasteadystream,then,neglectingfrictionalandeddycurrenteffects,thetotalenergyisconstant.

Blowingwell:

Awaterwellfromwhichisperiodicallyblownacurrentofair.

Borehole:

Aholedrilledfromthesurfaceorfromasubsurfaceexcavationintothegroundinordertoobtaingeologicaldataorforthedrainageorabstractionofwaterorforaccesstohydraulicworks,etc.IntheUK,depthsfortappingwatermayreach600ft（380m）ormore.Diametersvaryupto40in（1m）.

Boreholecasing:

Aplainorperforatedpipeofsteelorsomeothermaterialwhichisinsertedintoaborehole,ofteninlooseground.

Boreholelog:

Arecord,principallyoftherockstratapenetratedduringthedrillingofaborehole.

Bourdonpressuregauge:

Aninstrumentformeasuringwaterpressureandporewaterpressure.

Brackish:

Awordappliedtowaterrangingfrom1000ppmuptothedissolvedsaltcontentofseawater.

Breathingwell:

Awaterwellinwhichairisalternatelyblownoutandsuckedin,aphenomenonapparentlyrelatedtobarometricpressure.

Brine:

Awaterhavingadissolvedsaltcontentexceedingthatofseawater.

Cabletool:

Asharpchisel-edgedbitutilizedindrillingadeepwellbyliftinganddroppingsoastobreakrockbyimpact,thefragmentsbeingremovedbyabailer（asectionofpipewithafoot-valvethroughwhichthecuttingsenter）.

Capillaryaction:

Atermappliedtothemovementofliquidsduetocapillaryforces.

Capillaryfringe:

Thebeltofgroundimmediatelyabovethewatertable,i.e.atthebottomofthezoneofaerationandcontainingcapillarywater.

Carbonatehardness:

Temporaryhardness.

Catchmentarea:

Alandareafromwhichprecipitationdrainsintoreservoir,pond,lakeorstream.

Cavitation:

Theformationofcavitiesduringhigh-speedpumping,resultingincorrosionofmetalpartsbecauseoftheliberationofoxygenfromthewater.

Cavitywell:

Sometimestermedaboulderwell,awaterwelldrilledintoathickaquifercomprisingsand,gravelandboulders.

Chalk:

TheSEEnglandChalkisthemostfamousandlargestaquiferintheUK.Interestingly,therockitselfisimpermeable,butwatercanflowalongfissuresandwellsputdowninfissuredregionsgivehighyields.

ChezyFormula:

Anempiricalformularelatingmeanflowvelocity,V,hydraulicmeandepth,R,hydraulicgradient,S,andChezycoefficient,C,thus:

V=Cj（RS）.

Coefficientofpermeability:

Therateofflowofwaterthroughunitcrosssectionofamediumunderahydraulicgradientofunityandataspecifiedtemperature.Alsoknownascoefficientofconductivityandcoefficientoftransmission.

Coefficientofviscosity:

Aquantitativeexpressionofthefrictionbetweenthemoleculesofafluidwheninmotion.Thecapacityofarockorsoiltotransmitwatervariesinverselywiththecoefficientofviscosityofthewater.

Compensationwater:

Waterwhichlegallymustbereleasedfromareservoirinordertomeettheneedsofdownstreamuserswhoreceivedawatersupplybeforeadamwasconstructed.

Coneofdepression:

Thisistheinvertedconicaldepressioninthewatertableroundawellorboreholeinwhichpumpingisbeingeffected.Alsoknownasconeofexhaustionandconeofinfluence.

Confinedwater:

ThisisatermforartesianwaterusedintheUSA.

Connatewater:

Originalwaterintheintersticesofasedimentaryrockwhichwasnotexpelledduringconsolidation.Alsoknownasfossilwater.

Darcy'slaw:

Thisisusedtodeterminethevelocityofpercolationofwaterthroughnaturalmaterialsofgranulartype.

Deepwell:

Oneexceeding100ft（30m）indepth.

Depletion:

Exhaustionofawaterwellcausedby（a）excessivepumpingbyneighboringwelts,（b）pumpinginexcessofreplenishment,（c）defectivecasingallowingleakage.

Dip:

Maximumangleofinclinationofanysurface,whichmaybenaturalorartificial.

Drawdown:

Theloweringofthewatertableinandaroundawellorboreholebypumping.

Dugwell:

Onewhichisexcavatedbymanuallabour.

Effectiveporosity:

Theratioofthevolumeofwaterinaperviousmasspreviouslysaturatedwithwaterwhichcanbedrainedbytheforceofgravity,tothetotalvolumeofthemass.

Effectivevelocityofgroundwater:

Thevolumeofgroundwaterpassingthroughunitcross-sectionalareadividedbyeffectiveporosityofthematerial.Alsoknownasfield,trueoractualvelocity.

Effluent:

Flowingout,flowofsewagefromaprocessplant.

Electro-osmosis:

Amethodofloweringgroundwaterandespeciallyapplicabletosilts.Itacceleratesnaturaldrainageawayfromsurfaceworksandexcavations.

Evapotranspiration:

Lossofmoisturefromasoilbyevaporationandplanttranspiration.

Fault;Abreakinrockstrataalongwhichdisplacementofonesiderelativetotheotherhasoccurredparalleltothefracture.

Faulttrap:

Ageologicalstructureinwhichwaterinaporousdeposithasbeentrappedbyanimperviousdepositthrownoppositeitbyafault.

Fieldcapacity:

Themaximalamountofwaterwhichcanbeheldbyasoilagainstfreedrainage.

Fieldcoefficientofpermeability:

Thecoefficientofpermeabilityatthetemperatureofthewater.

Fieldmoisture:

Termusedforadhesivewater（pellicularwater,q.v.）foundabovethewat