HOW TO WRITE A PAPER FOR A SCIENTIFIC JOURNALWord下载.docx

HOW TO WRITE A PAPER FOR A SCIENTIFIC JOURNALWord下载.docx

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Theseguidelinesareusuallyveryspecificandincluderulesaboutwordlimit,organizationofthemanuscript,margins,linespacing,preparationoftablesandfiguresandthemethodusedtocitereferences. 

Failuretocomplywiththeguidelinesmayresultinrejectionorreturnofthemanuscriptforcorrection,therebydelayingtheprocessofreviewandpublication.

WritingtheManuscript

Theartofwritingamanuscriptimproveswithpracticeandconsiderablehelpmaybegainedbyaskingothers,especiallythosewhohavepublished,tocritiqueandproofreaddrafts. 

Thisalsoprovidesameansofasecondcheckofaccuracyandinternalconsistency. 

Gettingstartedisoftenthemostdifficultpartandforthisreasonitisbesttobeginwiththeeasiestsections. 

Theseareusuallythemethodsandresults,followedbythediscussion,conclusion,introduction,referencesandtitle,leavingtheabstractuntillast. 

Ifpossible,tryandsetasidesometimeforwritingonconsecutivedays. 

Longgapsbetweenperiodsofwritinginterruptsthecontinuityofthought. 

Toavoidfrustration,ensureallthenecessaryinformation,forexamplealldata,referencesandanydraftoftablesorfigures,areathandbeforestartingtowrite. 

Thetaskofwritingthemanuscriptmayseemeasierifeachsectionisviewedasaseparatetask. 

Beforestartingtowrite,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints. 

Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistogetsomethingdownonpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeencapturesonpaper. 

Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing. 

Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately. 

Havingfinishedthefirstdraft,immediatelyreviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther. 

Acceptanceofamanuscriptisinvariablyconditionalonchangesbeingmadesobepreparedtorewriteandrevisethemanuscriptextensively.

Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthusthewritingmaybeshared. 

However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughoutsoevenifsectionsoftheearlydraftsarewrittenbydifferentauthors,thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptbeforesubmitting,andmakeanynecessaryeditorialchanges.

StructureandContentofaManuscript

Amanuscriptistypicallycomposedofanumberofsections:

- 

abstract;

keywords;

introduction;

methods;

results;

discussion;

conclusions;

and

references

Inordertomaintaincontinuitybetweenthekeysections（introduction,methods,resultsanddiscussion）itishelpfultoconsiderthemanuscriptastellingastory. 

Thestrongpartstothestory-linearetheintroductionandthediscussionsothelinkbetweentheesectionsmustbeclear. 

Theresearchquestionwhichisposedastheneedoftheintroductionmustbeansweredatthebeginningofthediscussion（Zeiger,1991）.

Havinginvestedmanyhoursinundertakingresearch,thetemptationistotrytotellthereadereverythingyoureadandlearnedintheprocessandtoprovideallthedatagathered. 

However,intheplanningstages,itisessentialtorememberthatawordlimitisusuallyimposedandthereforeunimportantorirrelevantinformationmustbeleftout. 

Inthecaseofalargestudy,itmaybenecessarytowriteseveralpaperswhichcoverdifferentresearchquestions.

Title

Thisprovidesthefirstimpressiontothereader,soselectingthemostappropriatetitlerequiressomethought. 

Thetitleinfluenceswhetherareaderisinterestedinreadingthemanuscript. 

Itshouldincludeallessentialwordsintherightordersuchthatthetopicofthemanuscriptisaccuratelyandfullyconveyed（e.g.clearlyrelatedtothepurposeofthestudy）（RudestamandNewton,1992）. 

Avoidlongtitles（therecommendedlengthis10-12words）andthosewhichbeginwithredundantwordssuchas“Astudyof…”

Abstract

Anabstractisabriefsummary（ofspecifiedwordlimit）ofthecontentofthemanuscript. 

Itshouldprovidethehighlightsfromtheintroduction,methods,results,discussionandconclusions（Table1）.

Table1:

Abstract

Statementof:

Thequestionasked（presentverbtense）- 

Whatwasdonetoanswerthequestion（pastverbtense）–researchdesign,populationstudies,independentanddependentvariables- 

Findingsthatanswerthequestion（pastverbtense）–themostimportantresultsandevidence（data）presentedinalogicalorder.- 

Theanswertothequestion（presentverbtense）Ifuseful,andwherewordlimitallows,include:

Oneortwosentencesofbackgroundinformation（placedatthebeginning）- 

Animplicationoraspeculationbasedontheanswer（presentverbtense,placedattheend）

Itmustmakesensewhenreadinisolationforthosewhoreadonlytheabstract. 

Thisisespeciallyimportantgiventhatmanycomputerizedsearchersonlyretrievetheabstract. 

Theabstractmustalsoprovideaclearandaccuraterecapitulationofthemanuscriptforreaderswhoreadtheentiremanuscript（Zeiger,1991）. 

Forexample,anabstractmustnotcontaindatawhicharenotincludedintheresults.

Theabstractisusuallywrittenasoneortwoparagraphsanditisimportantthatthetextflowsanddoesnotresembleacollectionofdisjointedsentences. 

Thechoiceofwordsshouldbesimple,jargonavoidedandabbreviationsomittedexceptforstandardunitsofmeasurementandstatisticalterms. 

Citationsarenotusuallyincluded. 

Excessivedetailsuchalonglistsofvariables,largeamountsofdataoranexcessivenumberofprobability（p）valuesisnotacceptable. 

Thetricktoproducingaclearabstractistoprovidejustenoughdetailtodemonstratethatthedesignofthestudywasgoodandthattheevidenceoftheanswertothequestionisstrong.

KeyWords

Mostjournalsrequiretheauthortoidentifythreeorfourkeywordswhichrepresentthemajorconceptofthepaper. 

TheseareusedforindexingpurposesandmustbeselectedfromtheIndexMedicusMedicalSubjectHeadings（MeSH）. 

Forexample“Physiotherapy”isnotincludedinMeSH;

theequivalenttermis“PhysicalTherapy”. 

IntherareeventthatanauthordoesnothaveaccesstoMeSH,thekeywordsselectedshouldbewidely-acceptedterms. 

LackofaccesstoMeSHshouldbeindicatedatthetimeofmanuscriptsubmission.

Introduction

Thepurposeoftheintroductionistostimulatethereader’sinterestandtoprovidebackgroundinformationwhichispertinenttothestudy. 

Thestatementoftheresearchquestionisthemostimportantpartoftheintroduction. 

Thereviewoftheliteratureneedstobeshortandconcise. 

ThecontentoftheintroductionisoutlinedinTable2.

Table2:

Introduction

Backgroundtothetopic（pastverbtense）- 

Whatisknownorbelievedaboutthetopic- 

Whatisstillunknownorproblematic- 

Findingsofrelevantstudies（pastverbtense）- 

ImportanceofthetopicStatementoftheresearchquestion- 

Severalwayscanbeusedtosignaltheresearchquestion,e.g.,- 

“Todeterminewhether………”- 

“Thepurposeofthisstudywasto…….”- 

Thisstudytestedthehypothesisthat……”- 

“Thisstudywasundertakento……”Approachtakentoanswerthequestion（pastverbtense）

Referencesarealmostexclusivelyusedintheintroductionandthediscussion. 

Thereferencescitedshouldbethosewhicharethemostvalidandthemostavailable. 

Articlesinpeer-reviewedjournalssatisfyboththesecriteria. 

Books,Master’sandPhDthesesandsomeconferenceproceedings,thoseforwhichpapersarerigorouslyreviewed,arealsovalidsources,butusuallytakelongertofind. 

Abstractsdonotcontainenoughinformationtoallowcriticalevaluationofthework. 

Journalarticleswhichhavebeenacceptedforpublicationareavalidsourcebutthosewhichhavebeensubmitted（butnotyetaccepted）arenot,astheyareunavailable. 

Avoidcitingperusalcommunicationsandunpublishedreportsorobservations. 

Thesearenotstrongevidencebecausetheyareunabletobeaccessedandevaluated. 

Thenumberofreferencesshouldbelimitedtothefewestnumbernecessarybychoosingthemostimportant,themostvalidandwhereappropriate,themostrecent（Zeiger,1991）.

Methods

Thissectionisdescriptive. 

Themainconsiderationistoensurethatenoughdetailisprovidedtov