论法的总则部分构造On the construction of general provisions of law.docx
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论法的总则部分构造Ontheconstructionofgeneralprovisionsoflaw
论法的总则部分构造(Ontheconstructionofgeneralprovisionsoflaw)
Ontheconstructionofgeneralprovisionsoflaw
Of
Departmentoflaw,PekingUniversity
On,the,Construction,of,General,Provisions,as,Part,,of,a,Law
Astothestructureandarrangementofthecontent,alawusuallyconsistsofthreeparts:
generalprovisions,specificprovisionsandsupplementaryprovisions.Fromthegenerallogicalorderofdraftbill,Billdraftersandbillreview,consideredthefirstpersontomeetisthegeneralproblemofstructure.TheyneedtofigureoutwhatthegeneralruleisIsthegeneralrulenotanintegralpartofthelaw?
Whatshouldthegeneralprovisionsinclude?
Inwhatformshouldwebehave?
HowshouldIwriteit?
Generalmeaningandstatus
Themethodisgeneral,tothelawhasacommandofthemainprovisionsofthelegislativepurpose,orperformance,accordingtotheprincipleofthelaw,relevantlegalsystemorlegalsystem,basiclaw,applicationoflawandsoon,whichinthewholelawandthespecificprovisionsofannex,correspondingmethodandarticlethestandardmethod.
Firstofall,thegeneralruleoccupiestheleadingpositioninthewholeofthelaw,anditisthesynthesisofthewholelawandthecomprehensivecontentofthewholecontentofthelaw.Thisisclear,legislators,draftsmanandbills,Ipayattentionto:
first,themethodofprogramandmethodrelatedtoglobalcontent,focusongeneralprinciples.Secondly,weshouldnotwriteorwriteothercontentsintothegeneralprovisions.
Secondly,thegeneralprovisionsarethewholecomponentofthelayer,andcorrespondingtoitarethespecificprovisions,thesupplementaryprovisionsandsoon.Thisisaclear,requireslegislators,draftsmanandbills,theattentiontodistinguishbetweengeneralandspecificprovisions,theprovisionsatthesametime,alsopayattentiontotheintrinsiclinkbetweenthemasanintegralpartofthelaw.
Again,intheformofgeneralprovisions,buttheprovisionsofsomeofthecontentisnormative,somenonnormative,thisisclear,legislators,draftsmanandbills,toinvestigatethegeneralprovisionsshouldbeincludedinthenormativecontent,whichnonnormativecontent,andtherighttoarrange.
Incountrieswherethestatuteisthemainformoflaw,generalprovisionsareindispensabletogenerallawandthevastmajorityoflaws.Thisisbecausethegenerallawandthevastmajorityoflawsneedtohavethedominantcontentofthewholelaw.Withit,thewholelawhasaconsistentthingtocommandit.Thiskindofcommandingthingshouldonlybereflectedbygeneralrules.Atthesametime,fromtheintegrityofthestructureofthelaw,thescientificnatureofthegeneralprovisionisalsoverymeaningful.
Tounderstandthegeneralprinciplesarepartofthewillwiththegeneralmethod,thevastmajorityoflawrequirespeoplecannotignoreandabandonthebilldraftingprinciplesinthedraftingofthebill,thebillwillreview,reviewinthereviewandconsiderationofbillsthatasasigntomeasuretheactstructureiscompleteandscientifictohaveageneral.
Judgingfromthecurrentlegislativesituationinourcountry,someshouldhavegenerallaws,butthereisnogeneralprovision.TheorganizationallawoftheNationalPeople'sCongressisanexample.Thestatusandcontentofthislawareveryimportant,therearechapterssetup,thescaleisnotsmall,thisshouldbeestablishedasthegeneralruleofthegenerallaw,butthislawdoesnothavegeneralprovisions.Thismakesthelawnotonlyalackofaconsistentelement,butalsowiththelawsofotherrelevantstateinstitutions,
Therearemanylegislativecasesinthisrespect.Onthecontrary,somelawsdonotincludethecontentthatshouldbewrittenintothegeneralprovisionsinthegeneralprovisions,butarearrangedinotherparts.
Thegeneralcontentisquitemessy,basicallytherearetworeasons:
oneisindeedeachmethodhasitsowncharacteristics,thegeneralcontentisnotwiththecharacteristicsofthetrace:
twoislegislativeresearchandlegislationofbackwardtechnology,legislators,draftsmanandconsiderationofthishasnotattracteddueattention.AsfarasthegeneralprovisionsofChineselawhavebeenconcerned,thelatteristhemainreason.Therefore,itisnecessarytochangethemesssituation,strengthenthestudyofgeneralprinciples,improvethelegislativetechnicallevel,andpaygreatattentiontothescientificgeneralizationofthegeneralprovisions.
Three,theformofgeneralprovisions
Thegeneralprovisionsofthelawhavethedistinctionbetweentheexpressgeneralprovisionsandthenonexpressgeneralprovisions,butnotallinthe"GeneralProvisions"twowordsforthetitle,clearlyexpressedinthelaw.
Generallyspeaking,thegeneralprovisionsappearinthestructureoflawswhichhaveacertainscaleandseta"chapter".Ingeneral,thereisnoexplicitgeneralruleintheconstructionofsimplelaws.
Expressthenameofthegeneralprinciple,themostcommonlyknownasthegeneralprovisions".Inaddition,alsoknownasthe"master","basicprinciples","GeneralProvisions"etc..Forexample,the"People'sRepublicofChinaconstitution",thefirstchapterof"master"isthegeneralprinciplesoflaw.
Nonexplicitgeneralprovisions,i.e.,notitlegeneral,generallyappearinthestructureofsimplelaws,orappearinthestructureofalawwithoutachapter.Thereissuchasituationinlegislativepractice:
somelawscontainboththesettingofthechapterandthecontentsofthegeneralprovisions,butthecontentofthegeneralprovisionsisnotexpressedintheformofexplicit,butexpressedintheformofnonexpress.Forexample,therulesofprocedureoftheNationalPeople'sCongressandtherulesofprocedureoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,respectively,haveabruptlywritten1and2generalprinciplesbeforethefirstchapter,withoutgeneralheadings.Thissituationneedstochange.
Nomatterwhethertheexpressornonexpressprovisionsaregeneral,theyshouldbesetatthebeginningofthelaw.Exceptionscanonlybemadebeforethegeneralrules,aswellasthepreambleandthepreamble.Inlegislativepractice,somelawsputthecontentsofthegeneralprinciples,suchasthevalidityoflawandtheapplicationoflaw,intothetailofthelaw.Thissituationshouldbeimprovedstepbystepwiththeimprovementoflegislativetechnicallevel.
Insomelaw,inadditiontoageneralchapterspecificallysupernumerary,inotherrelevantparts,chaptersandsectionsarearrangedinsuchas"general"and"GeneralProvisions","generalprinciples".Thisisparticularlyreflectedinthepracticeofcivillegislation,forexample,the"FrenchCivilCode"and"GermanCivilCode","people'sRepublicofChinaLaw",the"PRCCivilProcedureLaw"oftherelevantcode,chapter,thereissucha"general"and"GeneralProvisions"generalprinciplesofgas".Thiskindof"general"and"GeneralProvisions","generalprinciples",canberegardedastherelevantpartsofthegeneral,notasagenerallaw,hasaleadingroleindifferentdegreeoflawoftherelevantparts,butonthewholemethodwithoutguide.
Four,thegeneralprovisionsofthewriting
Myviewisthatatleastweshouldpayattentiontothefollowingaspects:
(1)payattentiontothecompletenessofthegeneralstructureandscientificallyarrangethesystemandcontentstructureofthegeneralprovisions.
Thefirsttowritethelegislativepurposeandbasis;thebasicprinciplesandwriting,andthenifnecessarytowriteaboutthelegalsystemorbasiclegalsystem;applicablescopeandmethodthenwriting;finally,ifthereareothernecessarycontentsexpressedingeneral,istowritethecontentsofthispart.Thecontentofthegeneralprovisionscannotbetoocomplicatedortoosimple,andthegeneralprovisionsofthesamelawshouldbecoordinatedinthesystemandcontentasmuchaspossible,andthegeneralprovisionsshouldnotbemiscellaneous,norshouldthegeneralcontentbeincludedinthegeneralprovisions.
(2)payattentiontothescientificnatureofgeneralprovisions.Itshouldbeexpressedinanexpressmannerandexpressedinanexpressmanner.Itshouldbeexpressedinnon-explicitform,andthecontentsofnon-explicitgeneralprinciplesshouldbeputtogether.Explicitandnonexplicitgeneralprovisionsshouldbeplacedatthebeginningofthestructureofthewholelaw.(3)payattentiontothespecificcontentsofthegeneralprinciples.Herearethefollowingaspects.
First,legislativepurpose.
Theterm"legislativepurpose"herereferstotheoutcomethatthelegislatorswishtoachievebymeansoflegislation.Thepurposeofwritinglegislationneedsattention:
(1)positionshouldbecorrect.Theprovisionsoflegislativepurposeshouldgenerallybethefirstmainbodyoflaw.Incaseswherethenameofthelawrequirestheprovisionofaspecialprovision,andinothercircumstances,theobjectclausemaybemovedintosecondoreventhirdclauses.
(2)formatshouldbestandardized.Ontheonehand,thepurposeoflegislationshouldbe"forthesakeof......TheformulationofthisLawshallbewrittenintheform;ontheotherhand,thepurposeoflegislationshallbeexpressedintheformofprovisions.Ontheotherhand,therearesomeproblemsinthepracticeoflegislation.Thepurposeofsomelawsisnotexpressedintheformofaclause,butaparagraphiswrittenbeforethefirsttoexpressthepurposeoflegislation.Thiskindoffaultmainlyexistsintheadministrativeregulationsandadministrativeregulations.
(3)ordershouldbereasonable.Whenthepurposeoflegislationhasmanycontentsandneedstobeexpressedin