初中英语语法知识总结1.docx
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初中英语语法知识总结1
语法总复习
第一节名词与代词
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。
而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。
其中,个体名词和集体名词为可数名词,而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。
名词的复数构成通常是在其后加—s;但以-s,-x,-ch,-sh和大部分以o结尾的名词后加-es;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词把“y”变成“i”,再加-es。
有些名词的复数构成是不规则的,有其特殊形式。
有些名词在不同的情况下,属不同的名词词类,因此有时为可数,有时则为不可数:
名词的格可分为主格(作主语),宾格(作宾语)和所有格(表示所有关系)。
代词可分为人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,相互代词,不定代词,指示代词,关系代词,连接代词和疑问代词等九类。
名词的用法
可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词,否则要用其复数形式,例如:
Ifapersondisobeystheorder,hewillbepunishedseverely.
Theteacherfirstlydividedhisstudentsintofourgroups.
Thereferencebookcanbeusedtoanswerquestions,tosolveproblemsortoobtaininformationonaparticulartopic.
Thesecoursesareespeciallydesignedforseniorstudents.
有些名词的复数构成是不规则的,如:
child-children,foot-feet。
goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,ox-oxen,tooth-teeth,woman-women等。
例如:
Everyfallgeesef1yoverthehouse.
Thedentisttoldhimthatseveralteethofhisneedtobefilled.
Mrs.Smithhasthreechildren,andTonnyistheyoungestone.
Ithinkwe'vegotmiceinthekitchen.
有些名词的单复数形式是一样的,如:
Chinese,Japanese,Burmese(缅甸),Spanish(西班牙),Lebanese(黎巴嫩),Portuguese(葡萄牙),Swiss(瑞士).sheep,deer,swine(猪),fish,carp(鲤鱼),salmon(鲑),means,series,species,aircraft,spacecraft等。
例如:
Thebestfisharenearthebottom.
WhentheygottotheNewWorld,SpanishconstructedtheirhouseswithMoorisharchitecturalfeatures.
Isawawhitesheeprunningdowntheroad.
Judgingbyhislanguage,hemustbeaJapanese.
在表示一类事物时,介词of后的名词要用复数形式。
例如:
Beethovenisofthegreatestmusiciansintheworld.
TheAnimalArtFestivalisbeingheldatShanghaizoo,whichisoneofthemostwelcomefestivalsinthecity.
Asoneofthecountriesthatbearresponsibilityfortheincident,GermanChancellorSchroederholdsthattheorganizationshouldapologizetoChinesegovernmentunconditionally.
SheisoneofthethreemartyrswhowerekilledinNATO'sbombingontheChineseEmbassyinYugoslavia.
大多数集体名词可作单数,也可作复数,如:
army,audience,class,committee,crew(全体船员,乘务员),crowd,faculty,family,governmentgrouporchestra,public,team,union等。
但有些虽然是单数形式,却用作复数,如:
cattle(牡畜)mankind(人类),militia(民兵),people,police,poultry(家畜),staff(全体职员)等。
例如:
ThepresidentsaidtheChineseGowrnmentispayingcloseattentiontodevelopmentsinthismatter,andcontinuestoreservetherighttotakefutureaction.
Thecattle,weregrazingonthemeadownearthefarm.
Theaudiencewereamusedbyhishumorousstories.
Myfamilyisfarawayfromtheschool.
有些名词只有复数形式,而且也只用作复数,如:
clothes,glasses,spectacles,pants,arms(武器),belongings(所有物),customs(海关),goods(货物),suburbs(郊区),papers(文件)等;而有些名词形式为复数,却用作单数,如:
electronics(电子学),mathematics(数学),optics(光学),politics,statistics(统计学)等。
例如:
Theshortshewearsaremadeofleather.
Linguisticsisadifficultsubjecttostudy.
Heusedtostudyelectronicswhichisn’thisfavoritesuject.
Ilovetoliveinthesuburbsthatareconclusive.
有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现,表示总体。
但如果表示若干、多次或几种时,则要用其复数。
这类词有:
hair,fruit,pollution,rain,difficulty,success,wind,failure,favour等。
例如:
ThebarberhadbeencuttinghumanhairfortwoyearsbeforehecametoLosAngeles.
Motherboughtoranges,bananasandotherfruits.
Thesecavescollapseeasilyinheavyrains,andgreatwinds.
He’shavingfinancialdifficulties.
有些名词一般只有单数形式,它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词,像:
advice,baggage,bread,corn,clothing,equipment,education,fun,furniture,food,fruit,garbage,grass,happiness,homework,housework,humanity,information,knowledge,landscape,1aughter,machinery,mankind,merchandise,money,music,nonsense,nature,
population,progress,scenery,smoke,sweat,strength,traffic,thunder,ink,jewellery,damage,mail,work,soap,sugar,gold,chalk,cloth,anger,applause,cake,chocolate,poverty等。
例如:
Imustseektheadviceofaspecialistinthematterofthetransferofpropertyrights.
Headacheisthemostcommondiseaseofhuman.
Ireallygetalotoffunfromreadinginleisuretime.
ThepopulationofShanghaiisverybig.
有些名词单复数的含义不同,使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。
这类词包括:
communication(通讯)—communications(通讯系统,通讯工具),cloth(布)--clothes(衣服),content(内容)--contents(目录),convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利设备),humanity(人类)--humanities(人文科学),necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品),wood(木材)-woods(树林),pain(疼痛)—pains(辛劳),ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟,遗迹),sand(沙子)--sands(沙滩),work(工作)--works(工厂,著作)等。
例如:
“Hometown”isoneofLuXun’smostfamousworks.
Theinsurancecompanypaid$98,700indamagesfortheaccident.
Mychildenjoysplayingonthesands.
Nopains,nogains.
有些名词只有复数形式。
如:
fundamentals(基本原则),goods(货物),means(方法),shorts(短裤),sweets(欢乐),valuables(贵重物品)等。
Thefundamentalsaremadetoguaranteethesocialstability
Don’ttakeanyvaluablesthereforthesakeofsafety.
Thegoodswerepurchasedfromhimaren’texpensive.
Ithinkourproblemcanbesolvedbymeansofnegotiation.
名词做定语时,不能用作复数。
例如:
Pleasecheckyourexaminationpapercarefullyafterfinishing。
TheChina'sCentralTelevisionStationsuppliesweatherreporteveryday,
You'dbetterinformmyfamilymembersbeforeleavingforBeijing.
TheUnitedStatesandGermanyaretwomemberstatesofNATO.
复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。
如:
looker(s)--on,runner(s)-up,son(s)-in-law,editor(s)-in-chief,passer(s)-by,grand-child(ren),armyman(armymen),room-number(s),shoelace(s),dinnerplate(s),bloodtype(s)等。
如果没有主体名词,就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。
如:
go-between(s),drawback(s)等。
注意以man,woman构成的复合名词,全部变成复数。
如:
man-servant—men-servants,woman-soldier—women-soldiers。
例如:
Wouldyoubringmesomedinnerplates?
Wehadawonderfultalkwithsomewomen-soldiers.
Don’tregardyourselvesaspassers-byundersuchcircumstances.
Weareofdifferentbloodtypes.
名词的所有格一般在词尾加’s,已有复数词尾-s的,只加’。
例如:
Wemustworkhardtofulfilthecountry’splans.
Theschooliswithinastone’sthrow.
Nearbyareherrelatives’houses.
CouldyoutellmetheSmiths’saddres?
名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语,有以下两种情况:
1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词,如:
a,two,several,some,any,no,few等。
2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词,使句子表示某种情绪。
例如:
SeveralstudentsofLaoYang’sactedintheplay.
WesawaplayGuoMoro's.
Atbirth,theheadofababyisextremelylargeinrelationtotherestofthebody。
IhavesomerecordsofNaYing's.
2.代词的用法
1)人称代词有主格人称代词,在句中充当主语:
I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they和宾格人称代词,在句中充当宾语:
me,you,him,her,it,us,you;them。
例如:
Wehaven'tseeneachotherforalongtimesincehewentabroad.
Letyouandmehaveanappointmentforthenextweekend.
Haveyougotanyideaaboutthisissue?
Telluswhateveryou'veheard.
2)物主代词可在句中作定语,有指人的:
my,our,your,his,her和their;有指物的:
it,his或her(指国家或轮船)。
名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语,与of连用可作定语:
yours,ours,theirs,mine,her,his,its。
例如:
Tonnyisanoldfriendofmine.
Mydormitoryisnexttoyours,andMary'sisonthethirdfloor.
Titanicsankwithherseveralthousandpassengers.
Nexttimeit'sonmytreat.
3)反身代词亦称自身代词,可作宾语、表语,作主语或宾语的同位语,还与某些动词连用,与介词连用构成成语。
有:
myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。
例如:
Thesechildrenaretooyoungtotakecareofthemselves.
Don'tworry,hewillbehimselfagainsoon.
AlthoughUncleGeorgeisabad-temperedman,Ithinkheisakindmaninhimself.
Youshouldberesponsibleforyourself.
4)相互代词表示相互关系,有:
eachother(两者之间)和oneanother(多者之间)。
例如:
ImetMissScottthismorning,andwegreetedeachother.
Weshouldlearnfromoneanotherandmakeprogresstogether,
5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语,有:
this,that,these,those。
Such也是指示代词,可作定语、主语和表语,修饰可数名词时要与a连用。
例如:
NowadaysTVprogramsaremuchmorecolorfulthanthoseOfthepast.
Themoneyspentonentertainment,accordingtosomeauthorities,hasexceededthatspentonpublichealth.
Iwanttoknowthis:
areyoutalkingabouttheaccidentIencounteredyesterday?
Hisfutureiscloselyboundwiththatofthecompany。
Youshouldn'ttrustonsuchapersonwhoneverkeepshispromise.
6)疑问代词有who,whom,whose,whatwhich。
who可作主语和表语;whom作宾语,whose,what,which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语,其中作主语时,要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数,如果不清楚,则动词一般用单数。
Whowillseetothismatter?
Whomhaveyouchosentoberesponsibleforthework?
Itishardtodecidewhoseisbetter.
What’sonyourschedule?
Whichuniversitydidheenteratlast?
7)关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which。
which代表事物,that代表人或物;在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who(m)代表人,用which代表物,或代表主句所说的全部内容。
在带有a11,something,nothing,anything,much等的句子中不能用which,而用that。
例如:
Ourfootballteamwasdefeatedagain,whichshowsourplayersneedmuchmoreeffort.
Thefactorynowhasover1,000workers,halfofwhomarewomen.
Hepromisedtotellusallthatheknew.
Whoseturntomakepresentationisbcyondme.
8)连接代词有:
what,who,whonl,whose,which,用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。
Whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever为复合代词。
例如:
Ididn'tknowwhattodoatthatverymoment.
ThegovernmentsellpublichousestowhoeverprovidesenoughamountOfmoney.
WhomeverIworryaboutisnoneofyourbusiness.
Takewhicheveryoulike,please.
第二节形容词与副词
形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级,它们的构成方法基本上一样,都与音节多少有关,有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。
二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。
1.形容词与副词的用法
形容词中有词形相近的,也有词义相近的,应注意区别。
如:
1)behind(在后的)---hind(后部的),considerate(周到的,体贴的)---considerable(应考虑的),eminent(闻名的)--imminent(紧迫的),gracious(亲切的)---graceful(优雅的),like(有生命的)---alive(活的),industrious(勤劳的)--industrial(工业的),like(同样的)---alike(同样的,仅作表语),opposite(相对的)---opposing(反对的),perspective(透视的)---respective(各自的),sensitive(伤感的)---sensible(明显的),etc,。
例如:
WedidenjoyyourstayinginBeijing,andMrs.Yanisreallyconsiderate.
ProfessorLihasmanyworld-famousinventions,andheisrespectabletous.
Asanyoneknowsthatweuseourfrontteethforbitingandourhindteethforchewing.
It’saconsiderablesuccessforhim.
2)elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的),eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的),flexible(灵活的)--changeable(可改变的),initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的,预备的),slack(松弛的)--lazy(懒惰的),valueless(无价值的)--priceless(无价的),vivid(生动的)一living(活的),etc.。
例如:
Henry’sspeechwassovividthathisaudienceapplaudedagainandagain,
Itiseasiertoadapttonewsituationsifonehasaflexibleattitude.
Wehavefinishedthepreliminaryexam.
Yoursuggestionispriceless,and1willconsidercarefully.
3)有些词尾为-ly的并非副词,而是形容词,如:
lovdy,likdy,deadly,earthly(现世的),leisurdy(空闲的),weekly,yearly,manly(丈