关系代词关系副词用法.docx

关系代词关系副词用法.docx

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关系代词关系副词用法

关系词（关系代词和关系副词）有时可以省略,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。

1.关系代词作宾语时的省略:

当关系代词who,whom,which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。

Isthereanything（that/which）youwanted?

注意:

当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything等时,关系代词多用that

Whoistheman（that/who/whom）youweretalkingto?

Thisisthebestnovel（that）Ihaveeverread.

注意:

当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词theonly,thevery,all,every,any,no等时,关系代词一般都用that

2.关系代词作表语时的省略：

当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时,可以省略。

Chinaisnotthecountry（that）itwas.

3.关系代词作宾补时的省略：

当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时,可以省略。

I’mnotthemadman（that）youthoughtme.that做宾补

4.关系副词when的省略：

用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day,year,time等少数几个词后可以省略,也可换成that

Thatwastheyear（when/that）Ifirstwentabroad.

I’llneverforgettheday（when/that）wemet.

5.关系副词where的省略：

用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere少数几个词后时才可以省略,也可换成that

Thisistheplace（where/that）theymetyesterday.

Haveyoumetsomewhere（that）Icanliedownforanhour?

6.关系副词why的省略:

关系副词why通常只用于thereason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或forwhich,均可省略。

That’sthereason（why/forwhich/that）hecame.

关系副词的特点:

关系副词用于引出定语从句,英语的关系副词主要有when,where,why三个。

Sundayistheday（when/that）veryfewpeoplegotowork.

That’sthereason（why/forwhich/that）hedislikesme.

Doyouknowashopwhere/thatIcanfindsandals?

注意：

关系副词用于引出定语从句,且在从句中用作状语。

关系副词when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。

使用关系副词应注意的几点：

不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式:

Thisisthewayhowhespoke.（wrong）

Thisishowhespoke./Thisistheway（that/inwhich）hespoke.（right）

Thisisthewaythathesolvedtheproblem.=Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.

2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句（若引导非限制性定语从句,可用forwhichreason）

3.引导定语从句时,when的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因（主要是thereason）,但是反过来却不一定

Don’tforgetthetime（that）I’vetoldyou.做宾语

Doyouknowthehouse（that）heboughtrecently?

做宾语

Pleasetellmethereason（that）youknow.做宾语

关系代词引导的定语从句who,whom,which,that,whose在句中必做成分

1）who,whom,that指人,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语可省略

Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?

做主语

Heistheman（whom/that）Isawyesterday.做宾语

2）which,that指物,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略

Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.做主语

Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.做宾语

3）whose表所属关系,指人或物。

指物可与ofwhich互换,指人可与ofwhom互换

Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.

=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanofwhomthecarhadbrokendown.

=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanthecarofwhomhadbrokendown.

Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.

=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.

=Pleasepassmethebookofwhichthecoverisgreen.

关系副词引导的定语从句when,where,why

1）区别:

及物动词后面无宾语,用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词

Thisistheplace（where/that）Ilivedonce.where指代theplace充当地点状语

Thisistheplace（which/that）Ivisitedonce.which做visit的宾语,可省略

I’llneverforgetthedays（which）wespendtogether.which做spend的宾语,可省略

I’llneverforgetthedays（when/that）welivetogetherinthecountry.when指代thedays充当时间状语

2）关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构,可以互换,口语中可省略

Thereareoccasionswhen/thatonemustyield屈服.=Thereareoccasionsonwhichonemustyield.

Beijingistheplace（where/that）Iwasborn.=BeijingistheplaceonwhichIwasborn.

Isthisthereason（why/that）herefusedouroffer?

=Isthisthereasonforwhichherefusedouroffer?

3）that代替关系副词:

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和”介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。

Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.

Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（where/that/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.

不能用that的情况

1）引导非限制性定语从句时,不能用that

Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.（wrong,应用which）

2）介词后不能用

Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegotourfood.

=Wedependonthelandwhich/thatwegotourfoodfrom.

只能用that的情况

1）在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which

2）在不定代词如anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等做先行词时,只用that

3）先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that

4）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that

5）先行词即有人,又有物时

当先行词是way时,关系副词常常省略。

Iappreciatetheway（that）youteachme.

That作为关系副词所具备的功能,即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+which。

但这种代替是有条件的,主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词,即time（替代when），place（替代where），reason（替代why），way（替代inwhich），其中time类的词汇最多,包括若干下义词,如hour,evening,summer,year,moment等。

大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用,所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。

此外,that还可以与speed,distance等先行词连用,此时无法用where代替。

在非正式语体中,关系副词that是经常省略的。

正是基于这个原因,在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出相关例句,因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。

Wemovedheretheyear（that/when）mymotherdied.

Istillrememberedthesummer（that）IwalkedaroundParis.

ThereasonIcalledwastoaskabouttheplansforSaturday.

Therearesomanydeliciouswaysyoucanpreparechicken.

Thisistheplace（where）Ilivedfiveyears.

Doyouknowanywhere（that）Icangetadrink?

Sheknowstheplace（that/where）hestays.

Thereisnowhere（that）wecango.

Thespeed（that/atwhich）heisdrivingis70milesperhour.

Thisistheplace（that）Ispentmychildrenat.=Thisistheplace（that）Ispendmychildhood.前者为关系代词用法,比后者关系副词的用法更为正式

Idon’tknowanyplace（that）youcangetabetterexchangerate.

如上所述,关系副词that是广泛存在的,并且经常省略。

当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致,例如《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为place时,关系副词where也可省略；《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为reason时,关系副词why可以省略。

为了便于记忆和理解,我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。

Oxforddictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项,但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法（见如上第一个例句）。

根据对句子结构的分析,这里的that相当于when或inwhich,不是代词而是副词。

个别语法书中提到that代替关系副词when,where,why,how,鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证,且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词,故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。

（先行词是time,day,occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略）

Atthetime（when）Isawhim,hewasquitestrong.

Doyouknowtheyear（when）TheDeclarationofIndependencewaspublished?

2.Where（先行词是place,room等表示地面的名词,在口语中可以省略）

Thisistheplace（where）Ilivedfor5years.

（先行词只有reason,在口语中,可以省略why）

That’sthereason（why）I’mcheckingitnow.

还有一种省略应特别关注,在this/that/itis后可省略先行词thetime,theplace,thereason,直接跟why,when,where

Thatwas（thetime）whenhelivedthere.

Itis（theplace）wherethatrockfestivalisheldeveryyear.

That’s（thereason）whyhespoke.

一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合

1.当关系代词,that,which,who,whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略

Theprofessor（that/who/whom）youwishtoseehascome.

Whereisthebook（which/that）Iboughtthismorning?

2.当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略

Hehaschanged.Heisnottheman（that）hewas.

3.当关系代词that,which,who在定语从句中作主语时,只有当主句是由Itis,thatis,thereis引导的场合才能省略

Itisn’teverybody（that/who）canlearnaforeignlnguagesoeasily.

Thatwashisbrother（who/that）justwentby.

Therewassomeone（who/that）askedforyou,Bill.

二、关系副词when,where,why引导的限制性定语从句在非正式语体中，通常可以省略

Ishallneverforgettheday（when）wefirstmet.

Thereason（why）hecamesoearlyinhisownaffair.

That’stheplace（where）hestayedwhenhewasinLondon.

另外,在当代英语里,that可以用于表示时间、地点、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。

Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.

Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.

三、以theway作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略inwhich或者that

Theway（inwhich/that）youansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容词子句,而变成名词子句或副词子句。

Thisiswherehewasborn.Wherehewasborn是名词子句

Thisistheplacewherehewasborn.Wherehewasborn是形容词子句

I’llmeetherwhereIfirstmether.WhereIfirstmether是副词子句

I’llmeetherattheplacewhereIfirstmether.WhereIfirstmether是形容词子句

Tuesdayiswhenthegarbagetruckcomes.Whenthegarbagetruckcomes是名词子句

Tuesdayisthedaywhenthegarbagetruckcomes.Whenthegarbagetruckcomes是形容词子句

2.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。

Wewereveryhappyinthosedayswhenwestudiedinschool.

3.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。

Tomgotmarriedthedaybeforeyesterday,whenitwashisbirthdaytoo.

引导的定语从句:

先行词是表示地点的名词,如place,room,house,street,area等,或含有地点意义的抽象名词,如situation（处境,地势）,stage,point（点）,case（案例,情况）,用where引导定语从句,在定语从句中做地点状语。

Theschoolwhere/inwhichIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.

Harvardisaworld-famousuniversity.ThereWangAngothisDoctor’sdegree.

=Harvardisaworld-famousuniversitywhereWangAngothisDoctor’sdegree.

Thisisthehouse.Iwasborninthehouse.

=Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichIwasborn.=ThisisthehousewhichIwasbornin.

Abankistheplacewhere/inwhichtheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.

Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.

ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.

*先行词为抽象名词situation,stage,point,job,case,system,game,degree等,表示模糊化的地点,用where引导定语从句。

Youreachapointwheremedicinecan’thelp.

Sheisinahopelesssituationwherewewillkeepaverycloseeyeonher.

引导的定语从句：

先行词是表示时间的名词,如day,time,year,hour等,用when引导定语从句,在句中作状语。

Thetimewhen/atwhichIfirstmetNelsonwasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.

Thedaywhen/onwhichNelsonhelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.When=in/at/on/during+which

I’llneverforgettheday.Ijoinedtheleagueonthatday.

=I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheleague.

Thedaysaregonewhenphysicalstrengthwasallyourneededtomakealiving.

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.

I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.

一、”介词+关系代词”结构

1.当关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom,其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,这时的which可用that替换。

当介词放在有关动词的后面时,关系代词which,that,whom在口语和非正式语体中经常省略。

Thisistheroominwhichheusedtolive.=Thisistheroom（which/that）heusedtolivein.

Who’sthemanwithwhomyou