失乐园赏析课件.docx

失乐园赏析课件.docx

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失乐园赏析课件

ParadiseLost

TypeofWork

ParadiseLostisanepicpoemwhich—liketheepicpoemsofHomer,Dante,Vergil,andGoethe—tellsastoryaboutmomentouseventswhileincorporatinggrandthemesthataretimelessanduniversal.

DateCompleted

MiltoncompletedthefirstversionofParadiseLostin1667.Itconsistedof10books.In1668and1669,headdedanintroductorycommentabouttheverseformandaspecialsectionwithsummariesofeachbook.In1674,hepublishedthefinalversionoftheepic,inwhichhedividedBooks7and10intotwobookseach.Thecompletedworkthushad12booksinsteadof10.Healsoplacedeachsummaryatthebeginningofthebookitsummarized.

Sources

MiltonusedtheBible,Homer'sIliadandOdyssey,Vergil'sAeneid,andthestoriesinGreco-Romanmythologyassourcesofinformationandaswritingmodels.TheBible'sBookofGenesisisthemainsourceforhisretellingofthestoryofcreationandthefirsthumans,AdamandEve.

Settings

Thesettingsareheaven,hell,thefirmament（苍穹）（Chaos）,andearth.

Characters

GodtheFather,GodtheSon:

（trinity）Twoofthethreedivinepersonsmakinguptheall-powerfulGodhead,thesingledeity（神性）thatcreatedandruledallthatexistsoutsideofitself.Thethirddivineperson,theHolySpirit,doesnotplayaroleinParadiseLost.GodtheFatherisportrayedasjustbutmerciful,condemning（批判）thedefiant（目中无人）andunrepentant（不后悔的）rebelangelsbutpermittingredemptionoftherepentantAdamandEve.GodtheSonvolunteerstoredeemthembybecominghumanandenduringsufferinganddeath.

Satan（Lucifer,Archfiend）:

Powerfulandpridefulangelwho,withlegions（众多的）ofsupporters,leadsanunsuccessfulrebellionagainstGodandsufferseternaldamnation.Togainrevenge,hedevisesaplantocorruptGod'snewlycreatedbeings,AdamandEve,throughdeceit.Modernreadersoftenadmirehimforhissteelydefiance（藐视）.Hewouldratherruleinhell,hesays,thanserveinheaven.ItwasnotMilton'sintent,however,tocreateanadmirablecharacter;ratherhisintentwastocreateacharacterofcolossal（巨大的）hatred—loathsome（令人讨厌的）,execrable（恶劣的）,incurablyremorseless（冷酷无情的）.

AdamandEve:

Thefirsthumanbeings,createdbyGodtofillthevoid（真空）thatresultedwhenGodcastSatanandhissupportersoutofthecelestialrealm.AdamandEveliveontheplanetearthinutterhappinessinaspecialgardenwherespringistheonlyseasonandloveandgodlylivingprevail.Thoughtheyhaveallthattheywantandneed,cunningSatantellsthemtheycanhaveknowledgeandstatusbeyondtheirreachifonlytheyeatofthefruitoftheTreeofKnowledge.Evecanbecomeagoddess,hesays.Vanityovertakesher.Sheeats.Adamreluctantlydoesthesame.

Gabriel,Raphael,Michael,Uriel:

PowerfulandfearlessangelsonthesideofGod.

Beelzebub,Mammon,Belial,Moloch:

PowerfulleadersinSatan'sarmy.Inagreatcouncilinhell,eachofthemspeakshismindonwhatpolicydevil-kindshouldfollowafterlosingparadise.Shouldtheymakeanewwar?

Shouldtheymakepeace?

Ithuriel,Zephron:

AngelswhoexpelSatanfromtheGardenofEdenwiththehelpofasignfromGod.Satanreturnstothegardenlatertocompletehisdeviousenterprise.

Mulciber:

Fallenangelwhodesignshell'scapitalcityandseatofgovernment,Pandemonium.InancientRomanmythology,MulciberisanothernameforVulcan（Greek:

Hephaestus）,godoffireandtheforge.Asablacksmith,hekeptshopinburningmountains（volcanoes）.

Sin:

DaughterofSatan.ShewasbornfromhisheadinthemannerofAthena,Greekgoddessofwisdomandwar,whosprangfromtheforeheadofZeus,kingofthegods.

Death:

SonofSatanandSin

VariousOtherAngelsandDevils

Milton'sSolarSystem

Indescribingtheplanetsandothercelestialbodies,MiltonmodelsGod’screationonthePtolemaic天动说的design（alsocalledthegeocentricdesign）ratherthantheCopernicandesign（alsocalledtheheliocentric以太阳为中心的design）.Theformerplacedearthatthecenterofthesolarsystem,withthesunandothercelestialbodiesorbitingit.Copernicusandotherscientistslaterprovedthattheearthorbitsthesun.MiltonwasawareoftheCopernicantheory,butheusedthePtolemaicdesign—eitherbecausehebelieveditwasthemorecredibletheoryorbecausehebelieveditwouldbetterservehisliterarypurpose.InParadiseLost,Adaminquiresaboutthemovementsofcelestialbodies—inparticular,whetherearthorbitsthesunorviceversa—inhisconversationwiththearchangel天使Raphael,butRaphaelgivesnodefiniteanswer.RaphaelmayhavebeenspeakingforMilton.

StyleandVerseFormat

MiltonwroteParadiseLostindignified,lofty,melodicEnglishfreeofanycolloquialismsandslangsthatwouldhavelimitedthework'stimelinessanduniversality.Theformat,Miltonsaysinanintroductorynote,is"Englishheroicversewithoutrhyme"—inotherwords,blankverse,thesameverseformusedbyShakespeareinhisplays.Milton'sstrongreligiousfaithinfusesthepoemwithsincerityandmoralpurpose,buthedoesnotallowhisenthusiasmforhissubjecttoovertakecontrolofhiswriting.ThoughMiltonfrequentlyusesobscureallusionstomythologyandhistory,aswellasoccasionaldifficultwordsandphrases,hislanguageisneverdeliberatelyaffectedorostentatious炫耀的.Whatismore,itdoesnotpreachanddoesnottakethereaderoncircumlocutory迂回的expeditions.Likeasymphonycomposer—mightyBeethoven,forexample—Miltonisalwaysincontrol,temperinghiscreativegeniuswithhistechnicaldiscipline.

Withagooddictionaryandanannotated有注解的text,afirst-timereaderofMiltoncaneasilyfollowandunderstandthestorywhiledevelopinganappreciationfortheexquisitewriting.

EpicConventions

InParadiseLost,Miltonusedtheclassicalepicconventions—literarypractices,rules,ordevicesestablishedbyHomerthatbecamecommonplaceinepicpoetry.Someofthesepracticeswerealsousedinothergenresofliterature.AmongtheclassicalconventionsMiltonusedarethefollowing:

（1）Theinvocation祈祷ofthemuse,inwhichawriterrequestsdivinehelpincomposinghiswork.

（2）Tellingastorywithwhichreadersorlistenersarealreadyfamiliar;theyknowthecharacters,theplot,andtheoutcome.Mostofthegreatwritersoftheancientworld—aswellasmanygreatwritersinlatertimes,includingShakespeare—frequentlytoldstoriesalreadyknowntothepublic.Thus,insuchstories,therewerenounexpectedplottwists,nosurpriseendings.Ifthissoundsstrangetoyou,themodernreaderandtheatergoer,considerthatmanyofthemostpopularmotionpicturestodayareaboutstoriesalreadyknowntothepublic.ExamplesareThePassionoftheChrist,Titanic,TheTenCommandments,Troy,Spartacus,PearlHarbor,andGettysburg.

（3）Beginningthestoryinthemiddle,aliteraryconventionknownbyitsLatinterminmediares资源（inthemiddleofthings）.Suchaconventionallowsawritertobeginhisstoryatanexcitingpart,thenflashbacktofillthereaderinondetailsleadinguptothatexcitingpart.

（4）Announcingorintroducingalistofcharacterswhoplayamajorroleinthestory.Theymayspeakatsomelengthabouthowtoresolveaproblem（asthefollowersofSatandoearlyinParadiseLost）.

（5）Conflictinthecelestialrealm.DivinebeingsfightandschemeagainstoneanotherintheepicsofHomerandVergil,andtheydosoinParadiseLostonagrandscale,withSatanandhisforcesopposingGodandhisforces.

（6）Useofdramaticirony.Dramaticironyisaliterarydeviceinwhichacharacterinastoryfailstoseeorunderstandwhatisobvioustotheaudienceorreaders.DramaticironyappearsfrequentlyintheplaysoftheancientGreeks.Forexample,inOedipuxRex,bySophocles,dramaticironyoccurswhenOedipusfailstorealizewhattheaudienceknows—thathemarriedhisownmother.InParadiseLost,dramaticironyoccurswhenAdamandEvehappilygoaboutdailylifeintheGardenofEdenunawarethattheywillsuccumbtothedevil'stemptationandsufferthelossofParadise.DramaticironyalsooccurswhenSatanandhisfollowersfailtounderstandthatitisimpossibleultimatelytothwart挫败orcircumventdivinewillandjustice.

PlotSummary

AllHellbrokeloose

BookIV,ParadiseLost

.

TheInvocationoftheMuse

.......MiltonopensParadiseLostbyaskingamusetoinspirehiswriting.InancientGreeceandRome,poetshadalwaysrequested“themuse”tofirethemwithcreativegeniuswhentheybeganlongnarrativepoems,calledepics,aboutgodlikeheroesandvillains.InGreekmythology,therewereninemuses,allsisters,whowerebelievedtoinspirepoets,historians,flutists,dancers,singers,astronomers,philosophers,andotherthinkersandartists.Ifonewantedtowriteagreatpoem,playamusicalinstrumentwithbravado,ordevelopagrandscientificorphilosophicaltheory,hewouldaskforhelpfromamuse.

Whenawriteraskedforhelp,hewassaidtobe“invokingthemuse.”ThemuseofepicpoetrywasnamedCalliope[kuhLYuhpe].However,inBook7,MiltonidentifiesUrania—themuseofastronomy—asthegoddesstowhomheaddresseshispleaforinspiration.

InMilton’stime,writersnolongerbelievedinmuses,ofcourse.Nevertheless,sincetheysymbolizedinspiration,writerscontinuedtoinvokethem.SoitwasthatwhenMiltonbeganParadiseLost,headdressedthemuseinthetellingofhistale,writing,“IthenceinvokethyaidtomyadventurousSong.”

TheStory

SatanandhisfollowersrebelagainstGod.ButGodandhismightyangelsdefeattherebelsinaterriblewar.Godcaststhemintoadarkabysswithalakeoffire.There,thedefeatedlegionsdeplore悲叹theirfateandconsidertheirfuture.Inagreatcouncil,themanythousandsofthefalle