孙子兵法英汉对照文档格式.docx
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dangerandsecurity;
opengroundandnarrowpasses;
thechancesoflifeanddeath.
9.TheCommanderstandsforthevirtuesofwisdom,
sincerely,benevolence,courageandstrictness.
10.Bymethodanddisciplinearetobeunderstood
themarshalingofthearmyinitspropersubdivisions,
thegraduationsofrankamongtheofficers,themaintenance
ofroadsbywhichsuppliesmayreachthearmy,andthe
controlofmilitaryexpenditure.
11.Thesefiveheadsshouldbefamiliartoeverygeneral:
hewhoknowsthemwillbevictorious;
hewhoknowsthem
notwillfail.
12.Therefore,inyourdeliberations,whenseeking
todeterminethemilitaryconditions,letthembemade
thebasisofacomparison,inthiswise:
--
13.
(1)Whichofthetwosovereignsisimbued
withtheMorallaw?
(2)Whichofthetwogeneralshasmostability?
(3)WithwhomlietheadvantagesderivedfromHeaven
andEarth?
(4)Onwhichsideisdisciplinemostrigorouslyenforced?
(5)Whicharmyisstronger?
(6)Onwhichsideareofficersandmenmorehighlytrained?
(7)Inwhicharmyistherethegreaterconstancy
bothinrewardandpunishment?
14.BymeansofthesesevenconsiderationsIcan
forecastvictoryordefeat.
15.Thegeneralthathearkenstomycounselandacts
uponit,willconquer:
letsuchaoneberetainedincommand!
Thegeneralthathearkensnottomycounselnoractsuponit,
willsufferdefeat:
--letsuchaonebedismissed!
16.Whileheadingtheprofitofmycounsel,
availyourselfalsoofanyhelpfulcircumstances
overandbeyondtheordinaryrules.
17.Accordingascircumstancesarefavorable,
oneshouldmodifyone'
splans.
18.Allwarfareisbasedondeception.
19.Hence,whenabletoattack,wemustseemunable;
whenusingourforces,wemustseeminactive;
whenwe
arenear,wemustmaketheenemybelievewearefaraway;
whenfaraway,wemustmakehimbelievewearenear.
20.Holdoutbaitstoenticetheenemy.Feigndisorder,
andcrushhim.
21.Ifheissecureatallpoints,bepreparedforhim.
Ifheisinsuperiorstrength,evadehim.
22.Ifyouropponentisofcholerictemper,seekto
irritatehim.Pretendtobeweak,thathemaygrowarrogant.
23.Ifheistakinghisease,givehimnorest.
Ifhisforcesareunited,separatethem.
24.Attackhimwhereheisunprepared,appearwhere
youarenotexpected.
25.Thesemilitarydevices,leadingtovictory,
mustnotbedivulgedbeforehand.
26.Nowthegeneralwhowinsabattlemakesmany
calculationsinhistempleerethebattleisfought.
Thegeneralwholosesabattlemakesbutfew
calculationsbeforehand.Thusdomanycalculations
leadtovictory,andfewcalculationstodefeat:
howmuchmorenocalculationatall!
Itisbyattention
tothispointthatIcanforeseewhoislikelytowinorlose.
[ToChinesetext|ToTop]
II.WAGINGWAR
Intheoperationsofwar,
wherethereareinthefieldathousandswiftchariots,
asmanyheavychariots,andahundredthousand
mail-cladsoldiers,withprovisionsenoughtocarrythem
athousandli,theexpenditureathomeandatthefront,
includingentertainmentofguests,smallitemssuchas
glueandpaint,andsumsspentonchariotsandarmor,
willreachthetotalofathousandouncesofsilverperday.
Suchisthecostofraisinganarmyof100,000men.
2.Whenyouengageinactualfighting,ifvictory
islongincoming,thenmen'
sweaponswillgrowdulland
theirardorwillbedamped.Ifyoulaysiegetoatown,
youwillexhaustyourstrength.
3.Again,ifthecampaignisprotracted,theresources
oftheStatewillnotbeequaltothestrain.
4.Now,whenyourweaponsaredulled,yourardordamped,
yourstrengthexhaustedandyourtreasurespent,
otherchieftainswillspringuptotakeadvantage
ofyourextremity.Thennoman,howeverwise,
willbeabletoaverttheconsequencesthatmustensue.
5.Thus,thoughwehaveheardofstupidhasteinwar,
clevernesshasneverbeenseenassociatedwithlongdelays.
6.Thereisnoinstanceofacountryhavingbenefited
fromprolongedwarfare.
7.Itisonlyonewhoisthoroughlyacquainted
withtheevilsofwarthatcanthoroughlyunderstand
theprofitablewayofcarryingiton.
8.Theskillfulsoldierdoesnotraiseasecondlevy,
neitherarehissupply-wagonsloadedmorethantwice.
9.Bringwarmaterialwithyoufromhome,butforage
ontheenemy.Thusthearmywillhavefoodenough
foritsneeds.
10.PovertyoftheStateexchequercausesanarmy
tobemaintainedbycontributionsfromadistance.
Contributingtomaintainanarmyatadistancecauses
thepeopletobeimpoverished.
11.Ontheotherhand,theproximityofanarmycauses
pricestogoup;
andhighpricescausethepeople'
s
substancetobedrainedaway.
12.Whentheirsubstanceisdrainedaway,thepeasantry
willbeafflictedbyheavyexactions.
13,14.Withthislossofsubstanceandexhaustion
ofstrength,thehomesofthepeoplewillbestrippedbare,
andthree-tenthsoftheirincomewillbedissipated;
whilegovernmentexpensesforbrokenchariots,worn-outhorses,
breast-platesandhelmets,bowsandarrows,spearsandshields,
protectivemantles,draught-oxenandheavywagons,
willamounttofour-tenthsofitstotalrevenue.
15.Henceawisegeneralmakesapointofforaging
ontheenemy.Onecartloadoftheenemy'
sprovisions
isequivalenttotwentyofone'
sown,andlikewise
asinglepiculofhisprovenderisequivalenttotwenty
fromone'
sownstore.
16.Nowinordertokilltheenemy,ourmenmust
berousedtoanger;
thattheremaybeadvantagefrom
defeatingtheenemy,theymusthavetheirrewards.
17.Thereforeinchariotfighting,whentenormorechariots
havebeentaken,thoseshouldberewardedwhotookthefirst.
Ourownflagsshouldbesubstitutedforthoseoftheenemy,
andthechariotsmingledandusedinconjunctionwithours.
Thecapturedsoldiersshouldbekindlytreatedandkept.
18.Thisiscalled,usingtheconqueredfoetoaugment
one'
sownstrength.
19.Inwar,then,letyourgreatobjectbevictory,
notlengthycampaigns.
20.Thusitmaybeknownthattheleaderofarmies
isthearbiterofthepeople'
sfate,themanonwhomit
dependswhetherthenationshallbeinpeaceorinperil.
III.ATTACKBYSTRATAGEM
Inthepracticalartofwar,thebest
thingofallistotaketheenemy'
scountrywholeandintact;
toshatteranddestroyitisnotsogood.So,too,itis
bettertorecaptureanarmyentirethantodestroyit,
tocapturearegiment,adetachmentoracompanyentire
thantodestroythem.
2.Hencetofightandconquerinallyourbattles
isnotsupremeexcellence;
supremeexcellenceconsists
inbreakingtheenemy'
sresistancewithoutfighting.
3.Thusthehighestformofgeneralshipisto
balktheenemy'
splans;
thenextbestistoprevent
thejunctionoftheenemy'
sforces;
thenextin
orderistoattacktheenemy'
sarmyinthefield;
andtheworstpolicyofallistobesiegewalledcities.
4.Theruleis,nottobesiegewalledcitiesifit
canpossiblybeavoided.Thepreparationofmantlets,
movableshelters,andvariousimplementsofwar,willtake
upthreewholemonths;
andthepilingupofmoundsover
againstthewallswilltakethreemonthsmore.
5.Thegeneral,unabletocontrolhisirritation,
willlaunchhismentotheassaultlikeswarmingants,
withtheresultthatone-thirdofhismenareslain,
whilethetownstillremainsuntaken.Sucharethedisastrous
effectsofasiege.
6.Thereforetheskillfulleadersubduestheenemy'
troopswithoutanyfighting;
hecapturestheircities
withoutlayingsiegetothem;
heoverthrowstheirkingdom
withoutlengthyoperationsinthefield.
7.Withhisforcesintacthewilldisputethemastery
oftheEmpire,andthus,withoutlosingaman,histriumph
willbecomplete.Thisisthemethodofattackingbystratagem.
8.Itistheruleinwar,ifourforcesareten
totheenemy'
sone,tosurroundhim;
iffivetoone,
toattackhim;
iftwiceasnumerous,todivideourarmy
intotwo.
9.Ifequallymatched,wecanofferbattle;
ifslightlyinferiorinnumbers,wecanavoidtheenemy;
ifquiteunequalineveryway,wecanfleefromhim.
10.Hence,thoughanobstinatefightmaybemade
byasmallforce,intheenditmustbecaptured
bythelargerforce.
11.NowthegeneralisthebulwarkoftheState;
ifthebulwarkiscompleteatallpoints;
theStatewill
bestrong;
ifthebulwarkisdefective,theStatewill
beweak.
12.Therearethreewaysinwhicharulercanbring
misfortuneuponhisarmy:
13.
(1)Bycommandingthearmytoadvanceortoretreat,
beingignorantofthefactthatitcannotobey.
Thisiscalledhobblingthearmy.
14.
(2)Byattemptingtogovernanarmyinthe
samewayasheadministersakingdom,beingignorant
oftheconditionswhichobtaininanarmy.Thiscauses
restlessnessinthesoldier'
smin