POOH百宝箱社会类之一Problems.docx

POOH百宝箱社会类之一Problems.docx

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POOH百宝箱社会类之一Problems

POOH百宝箱社会类之一----Problems!

NOTE:

本期内容比较多，因此增加了索引以便查阅。

内容不必看得很仔细，只是为了让大家有个初步的了解，可以在需要材料时用来查阅，或是在心中明确问题，比如知道ozonehole,globalwarming,以及一些socialproblem所包括的内容。

其实issue中不会涉及太详细的这方面知识，但是这些材料可以让你脑子里有东西，迅速的联想到这些内容。

本期没有给出相关issue题目，因为本次内容涉及题目较广，科学，社会等都可以用到，请大家灵活运用！

SocialProblemOverview2

GlobalWarming6

ELNINO8

Ozonehole9

Earth-AlteringAccidents9

EnergyandtheEarth11

TheOppositiontoHumanCloning:

12

HowMoralityandEthicsFactorin12

ProblemsWithSociety17

TeenSocialIssues18

GeneticEngineering21

SocialProblemOverview

ProblemsofPovertyandWork

Manymythsandstereotypes--andmanytheories--existaboutthepoorandthecausesofpoverty.Sociologicalexplanationsforpovertyfocusonsocietalneedsandsocialforces.Inoneview,povertyisanoutcomeoflongstandingconflictbetweenhavesandhave-nots;inanother,povertyisactuallyfunctionalforsociety.Structuralarrangements,suchasofficialunemploymentandthestipulationofapovertyline,havetheeffectoflimitingopportunitiesandjustifyingsocialinequality.Thus,povertyisperpetuatedthroughclassdiscriminationandunequalopportunitiesforupwardmobility.Programsandpoliciesforaddressingproblemsofpovertyandwork,suchasthesocialwelfaresystemandaffirmativeaction,arethemselvesproblems.

ProblemsofRacialandEthnicInequality

Economicandpoliticalinequalitiesinanycountryarisefromoverconcentrationsofwealthandpower.Imbalancesinthedistributionofpowercanleadtoalackofpoliticalrepresentationingovernmentforsomegroups,thecreationofpowerelites,thelossofpersonalfreedomsandcivilliberties,andabusesofauthority,ofwhichgenocideisanextremeexample.Imbalancesinthedistributionofwealthcanleadtothelossofeconomicopportunityandsocialmobility,thecreationofapermanentunderclass,andconditionsofilliteracy,unemployment,homelessness,hunger,anddisease.Thesocialproblemscausedbyeconomicandpoliticalinequalityareathreattoglobalsecurity.

GenderInequality

SocialandinstitutionalcontextsforsexdiscriminationinAmericanlifehaveincludedtheworkplace,occupations,wages,income,housing,banking,healthcare,toys,school,education,employment,consumermarketplace,military,media,religiousorganizations,andhome.Despiteacenturyofsocialchangestimulatedbythefeministmovement,genderinequalitypersists,forexample,inproblemsofsexualviolenceandexploitationandinissuessurroundinggenderorientationandhomosexuality.

AgingSocietyandInequalitiesofAge

Theso-called“grayingofAmerica”hascalledattentiontoinequalitiesofageandthedifficultiesofcaringforgrowingnumbersofelderlyinAmericansociety.Ageisasourceofsocialproblemsbecausetheveryyoungandtheveryoldmaybemorevulnerablethanotheragegroupsinsociety.Problemsoftheelderly,forexample,canincludepoverty,financialinsecurity,dependency,isolation,socialandpoliticalinequality,victimization,andlackofaccesstoadequatehousingandhealthcare.

ProblemsofRacialandEthnicInequality

No-onedoubtsthatracialandethnicprejudiceanddiscriminationaresourcesofgravesocialproblemsintheU.S.andinanysociety.Socialcontextsforprejudiceanddiscriminationincludebeliefsaboutracialpurityorsuperiority,ethnocentricviews,stereotypingandlabeling,physicalandsocialsegregation,economiccompetitionandexploitationinasplit-labormarket,andinstitutionalizedinequality.Problemsofracismpersistdespiteacivilrightsmovementofmorethan50yearsandmajorsocialchange.OtherissuesinpluralisticsocietiessuchastheU.S.relatetothequestionofgivinggreateremphasistodiversityortotheassimilationofdiversegroups.

Crime,Violence,Drugs,andtheCriminalJusticeSystem

Manysocialproblemsinvolvetheconceptofdevianceinrelationtoasociety’ssystemofsocialcontrol.Theseproblemsoverlapsignificantlybecausethesocialandculturalfactorsthatcontributetodeviantorantisocialbehaviorsarecomplexanddeeplyinterrelated.Juveniledelinquencyandstreetcrime,forexample,maybelinkedtoyouthgangandorganizedcrimeactivities;theavailabilityofguns,alcohol,anddrugs;poverty,unemployment,andlackofeconomicopportunity;racism;familyinstabilityanddomesticviolence;schoolfailure;andtheinfluenceofmassmedia.Issueswithinthecriminaljusticesystemitselfaddtothesocialproblemsofcrime,violence,anddrugs.

ProblemsofFamiliesandFamilyViolence

Familiestodayfacechangesandissuesthataffectmarriageandthefamilyasasocialinstitution.Someoftheseissuesincludefamilyinstability,divorceandchildcustody,spouseandchildabuse,genderissues,gayandlesbianfamilies,andissuessurroundingreproduction,includingreproductivetechnology,adoption,andabortion.Inaddition,problemsinfamilylifeaffectindividualandgroupbehaviorinwaysthatcontributetoothersocialproblems.Forexample,economicconditionsthatforcebothparentstoworkfulltimeoutsidethehomewithoutaffordablechildcarecanleadtochildneglectandahostofsubsequentsocialproblems.

ProblemsofHealth,Illness,andHealthCareDelivery

Thebioethicsoftransplants,geneticscreening,genetherapies,reproductivetechnologies,physician-assistedsuicide,andeuthanasiaareamongthemanyissuesofhealthandmedicinetoday.Decreasingaccesstocareandrisingcostsofcarearemajorproblems.IntheU.S.healthcareincreasinglyisprovidedonafor-profitbasisonlybythehealthmaintenanceorganizations,hospitals,pharmaceuticalcompanies,andinsurancecompaniesonwhichhealthcareaccess,delivery,andqualitydepend.

ProblemsofEducation

IntheU.S.today,problemsofeducationrelatetofunding,teacherqualityandthestatusoftheteachingprofession,studentacademicperformanceandstandardizedtesting,racialimbalancesandequaleducationalopportunity,andthecurriculuminrelationtolaborforceneedsandglobalcompetition.Newproblems,suchasteachershortages,overcrowdedandunsafeschools,andunequalaccesstoeducationaltechnologyjoinotherperennialissuesineducationsuchasgenderbiasandthebilingualeducationdebate.Theeducationalsystemasasocialinstitutionandindividuals’educationalexperiencesandlevelsofattainmentarekeyfactorsinaddressingothersocialproblems.

EnvironmentalQualityasaSocialProblem

Environmentalproblemsarisebothdirectlyandindirectlyfrompeople’ssocialinstitutions,socialbehavior,andculturalvalues.Conditionsofpopulationgrowth,affluenceandpoverty,technologicalandindustrialdevelopment,domesticandinternationaleconomicactivities,andpatternsofconsumptionallaffecttheuse--andabuse--ofland,energyresources,andnaturalresourcessuchasplantsandanimals,aswellasthequalityofsoil,water,andair.Topproblemsofenvironmentalqualitytodayincludedeforestation,globalwarming,biodiversityloss,andhazardouswaste.Thesolutionstotheseandenvironmentalproblemsinvolvesocialchange.

ProblemsofPopulation,Immigration,andUrbanization

Populationproblemsaredefinedbythenumbersanddistributionsofpeoplewithinaphysicalareaandbythemovementsofpeoplewithinandbetweenareas.Forexample,overpopulationofanareacancontributetofoodshortages,andmigrationsbetweenareascanleadtointer-groupconflicts.Demographersrelatepopulationstatisticstosociologicalvariablessuchasage,genderraceandethnicity,andsocioeconomicstatus,andsociologistsusethisinformationtostudytheeffectsofpopulationproblemsandpolicies.IntheU.S.problemsinclude,forexample,thedeclineofcities,segregatedneighborhoods,homelessness,andillegalimmigration.

ProblemsofSocialChange:

MediaandTechnology

Technologicalchangeassociatedwithindustrializationandmodernizationhascreatedvastchallengesaswellasbenefits.Changesthatbeganwithmechanizationandautomationhaveledtostockpilesofweaponsofmassdestruction,geneticengineeringandbiotechnology,robotics,andtheglobalizationofelectronictelecommunications.Thesedevelopmentscontinuetochangetheworldinwhichwelive.Socialproblemsoftechnologicalchangerangefromunemploymentandthelossofpersonalprivacyandcontrol,fromethicaldilemmastosocialinequality,andfromculturallagtoculturalcolonialism.Whatnewsocialtransformationawaitsevenapostmodernworld?

GlobalWarming

GlobalwarmingreferstoanaverageincreaseintheEarth'stemperature,whichinturncauseschangesinclimate.AwarmerEarthmayleadtochangesinrainfallpatterns,ariseinsealevel,andawiderangeofimpactsonplants,wildlife,andhumans.Whenscientiststalkabouttheissueofclimatechange,theirconcernisaboutglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactivities.

PotentialEffectsofGlobalWarming

Thisglobalwarmingtrendcancauseasignificantglobalclimatechanges.HumansocietyishighlydependentontheEarth'sclimate.Climatepatternsandhumanadaptationsdeterminetheavailabilityoffood,freshwater,andotherresourcesforsustaininglife.Thesocialandeconomiccharacteriaticsofsocietyhavealsobeenshapedlargelybyadaptingtotheseasonalandyear-to-yearpatternsoftempertureandrainfall.Somepotentialeffectsassociatedwithclimatechangearelistedinthefollowing.（fromU.S.ClimateActionReport）

WaterResources:

Thequalityandquantityofdrinkingwater,wateravailabilityforirrigation,industrialuse,andelectricitygeneration,andthehealthoffisheriesmaybesignificantlyaffectedbychangesinprecipitationandincreasedevaporation.Increasedrainfallmaycausemorefrequentflooding.Clim