英美概况-British CulturePPT课件下载推荐.pptx

英美概况-British CulturePPT课件下载推荐.pptx

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Differentpatternsofsecondaryschools:

two-tierpattern:

juniorhigh11-14&

seniorhigh14-18sixthformcolleges:

15-18,doingadvancedworkthreeparts:

primary5-9,middle9-13,senior13-18generallyaccepted:

11-18Twosystemsforsecondaryeducation:

theselectiveandthecomprehensiveTherearevariousschools:

GrammarschoolComprehensiveschoolSecondarymodernschoolPublicschool,AccordingtoEducationActin1944,sufficientvarietyofschoolsshouldbeprovidedtocaterfortheabilitiesandattitudesofthestudents.Resultsoftheexamination:

Thosewithhighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Othersgototechnicalschools.Therestgotosecondarymodernschools.,GrammarschoolsTheoldestschoolsinU.K.TheypreparepupilsfortheAdvancedLeveloftheG.C.E.andScholarshipLevelCertificateforuniversityentrance.Someareacademicallyamongthebest.SecondarymodernschoolsTheyoffergeneraleducation,includingsomepracticalinstruction,uptotheageoffifteen.,ComprehensivesecondaryschoolsPupilswerenotseparatedbythecriterionofacademicability.Aftertwoorthreeyears,theydropsomeandstudyonlythosetheylikebest.At15or16theytaketheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation.At18theyhavetheAdvancedLeveloftheGeneralCertificateofeducationtoenterauniversity.Threepatterns:

generally-acceptedpattern:

11-18two-tierpattern:

junior11-14/15&

senior14-18sixthformcolleges:

15/16-18,Publicschools:

notprivateinthefullestsenseMostpublicschoolsarecalledbythenameofthetownorvillageinwhichtheyarelocated;

somearecalled“College”.Everypublicschoolhasmanyrulesandcustomspeculiartoitself.Thepublicschoolsaimatshapingcharactersaswellasindividuality.Twofactorsinpubliceducation:

thestudyofclassicsandscience:

aristocraticinfluenceandtheneedsofbourgeoisiethedevelopmentof“character”:

teamspirit&

leadershipthroughgamesEachpublicschoolhasaboardofgovernors.BritainistheonlycountryinEuropeinwhichphysicalpunishmentisexercised.,EtonCollege:

aBritishindependentboardingschoolforboysagedbetween13to18years.Itwasfoundedin1440byKingHenryVI.ItislocatedinthevillageofEton,nearWindsorinEngland.Motto:

FloreatEton（LetEtonFlourish）OldEtonians:

19PrimeMinisters（e.g.DavidCameron）,membersofroyalfamilies（e.g.PrinceWilliam,Harry）EtonhastraditionallybeenreferredtoasthechiefnurseofEnglandsstatesmen,TypesofUniversities,olduniversities,Scottishuniversities,OxfordCambridgeUniversitiesofSt.Andrew,Glasgow,AberdeenandEdinburg,themiddle-ageduniversitiesDurhamUniversity,theUniversityofLondon,theUniversityofWalesthenewuniversities（afterWW）theopenuniversityandoneBuckinghamUniversityindependentuniversity,thenewuniversities（afterWWII）Theyconcentratemostlyonscienceandtechnology.Studentschoosethenewuniversitiesbecauseofthe“modern”approach.Allthestudentspayfeesbutgetpersonalgrantortakejobs.TheOpenUniversityItwasfoundedin1969.itisamostinterestinginnovationofhighereducation.Itisopenedtoeverybodywithoutformalqualification.TheuniversityofferscoursesthroughoneoftheBBCstelevisionchannelsandbyradio,andhastutorsandcounselorsalloverBritain.Itisthecheapestandmostfar-reachingmethod.,BuckinghamUniversityisanindependentuniversitywhichwasestablishedin1973andisrunbyanumberofacademicandvocationalfiguresandbusinessmen.,Oxford,TheoldestuniversityintheEnglishworldMotto:

TheLordismyLightABriefHistory:

Teachingexistedinsomeformin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.Inthe18thcentury,itwasagoodportofscientificdiscoveryandreligiousrevival.TheUniversityassumedaleadingroleintheVictorianera,esp.inreligiouscontroversy.,From1878,academichallswereestablishedforwomen.Since1974,itadmittedbothmenandwomen.Duringthe20thcentury,itaddednewresearchcapacityinthenaturalandappliedscience,includingmedicine.Nowithas17664studentsandover7000staff.Oxfordhas39officialCollegesandsevenPermanentPrivateHalls.Divisions:

HumanityDivisionMathematical,Physical&

LifeScienceDivisionMedicalScienceDivisionSocialScienceDivision,InnovationandResearch:

OxfordisoneofEuropesmostinnovativeandentrepreneurialuniversities.OxfordwasalsotheUKpioneerindevelopingauniversityintellectualpropertypolicy.Itisalsogloballyrenownedforthequalityanddiversityofitsresearch.Oxfordhasmoreacademicsworkinginworld-classresearchdepartmentsthanotherUKuniversities.Libraries:

TheOxfordUniversityLibraryServiceismadeupof38librarieshousedacrosstheUniversity.InEnglandthelibraryserviceissecondinsizeonlytotheBritishLibrary.,BodleianLibrary,OxfordUniversity,OxfordUnionLibrary,CambridgeUniversity,Motto:

Fromhere,lightandsacreddraughts.Features:

Oneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,andoneofthelargestintheUK.World-widereputationforoutstandingacademicachievementandthehighqualityofresearchinscienceandartssubjects.ABriefHistoryIn1209,scholarstakingrefugefromhostiletownsmeninOxfordmigratedtoCambridgeandsettledthere.,By1226thescholarshadsetupanorganization,representedbyaChancellor,andhadarrangedregularcoursesofstudy,taughtbytheirownmembers.TheearliestCollegewasStPetersorPeterhouse,foundedin1284.Inthe16thcenturymanychangestookplaceintheuniversityeitherinthephysicalappearanceofthetownorinthecurriculum.AfterWWII,theuniversityhadanacceleratedrateofdevelopmentinalmosteverydirection.Morerevolutionarystepsweretakeninthe1960s.Themodernuniversityisaninternationalcenterofteachingandresearchinavastrangeofsubjects.,ThePress,TypesoftheBritishpress,NationalPapers,LocalPapers,Newsofnationalinterest,andsoldnationwide.,Newsofinteresttoaparticularregionortown,andsoldinthelocality,QualityPapers,PopularPapers,（Broadsheets）Mainlyfoundedbefore1896,andcontainpolitical,industrial,financial,andculturalnews.（Tabloids）Mainlyfoundedafter1896,andlargelytabloids,halfthesizeofbroadsheets.,ThefeaturesoftheBritishpressTheBritishpresshasalonghistory.Theearliestknownprintednewspaperwaspublishedin1513,calledTreweEncountre.ThereisnocensorshipofBritishpress.ApaperprintedinLondonaroundmidnightcanbereadanywherethenextmorning.Thepressisrunveryexpensivelyandhighlycompetitively;

independentsmallnewspaperpublishersfinditverydifficulttosurvive.（NewsInternational&

TheMirrorGroup）Somehavetheirownpoliticalstand.,SomefamousBritishpapersandjournalsTheTimes:

themostfamousandoldestBritishdaily/TraditionallyasupporteroftheConservatives,Economist:

themostinfluentialandmostsubstantial.Itseriouslycommentseveryeventofanypoliticaloreconomicinterestthathadtakenplaceintheworld.,TheDailyTelegraph:

Adailymorningbroadsheetnewspaperfoundedin1855thehighestsellingnewspaperamongBritishseriousnewspaperspoliticallyconservativeinmoderntimes,TheGuardian:

Foundedin1821ABritishnationaldailynewspaperownedbytheGuardianMediaGroupCalled“anorganofthemiddleclass”Centre-leftinpoliticalopinion,TheDailyMirror:

ABritishtabloidpaperfoundedin1902Politicalalignment:

labor/centre-leftFocusonentertainment,gossip,peopleslivelihood,sports,scandals,etc.,RadioandTelevision,Britishradioandtelevisionplayanimportantpartindailylife,socialactivities,culturalandeducationalcauses.Threecompanies:

theBritishBroadcastingCorporation（BBC）theIndependentTelevisionCommission（ITC）theRadioAuthority,NewsAgencies,Reuters:

Itwasfoundedin1851inLondon.TheprincipalnewsagencyineverycountryintheworldisaffiliatedtoReuters.ItisanimportanttooloftheBritishgovernment.,ThePressAssociationLtdItwasfoundedbyprovincialnewspapersonaco-operativebasisin1868.ItistheoldestandlargestnewsagencyoperatingexclusivelyinBritain.TheExchangeTelegraphFinancial（ExtelFinancial）ItisanewsagencybasedinLondon.Itcollectsdatafromallovertheworldandalsooffersreferencematerialsoncompaniesandsecurities.,FleetStreetItisastreetintheCityofLondon.ItwastheoriginandhomeoftheBritishnewspapersuntilthe1980s.EventhoughthelastmajorBritish