Plagiarism抄袭Word下载.docx

Plagiarism抄袭Word下载.docx

《Plagiarism抄袭Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Plagiarism抄袭Word下载.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Butthenthereareactionsthatareusuallyinmoreofagrayarea.Someoftheseincludeusingthewordsofasourcetoocloselywhenparaphrasing（wherequotationmarksshouldhavebeenused）orbuildingonsomeone'

sideaswithoutcitingtheirspokenorwrittenwork.Sometimesteacherssuspectingstudentsofplagiarismwillconsiderthestudents'

intent,andwhetheritappearedthestudentwasdeliberatelytryingtomakeideasofothersappeartobehisorherown.

However,otherteachersandadministratorsmaynotdistinguishbetweendeliberateandaccidentalplagiarism.Solet'

slookatsomestrategiesforavoidingevensuspicionofplagiarisminthefirstplace

Whendowegivecredit?

Thekeytoavoidingplagiarismistomakesureyougivecreditwhereitisdue.Thismaybecreditforsomethingsomebodysaid,wrote,emailed,drew,orimplied.Manyprofessionalorganizations,includingtheModernLanguageAssociation（MLA）andtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（APA）,havelengthyguidelinesforcitingsources.However,studentsareoftensobusytryingtolearntherulesofMLAformatandstyleorAPAformatandstylethattheysometimesforgetexactlywhatneedstobecredited.Here,then,isabrieflistofwhatneedstobecreditedordocumented:

Wordsorideaspresentedinamagazine,book,newspaper,song,TVprogram,movie,Webpage,computerprogram,letter,advertisement,oranyothermedium

Informationyougainthroughinterviewingorconversingwithanotherperson,facetoface,overthephone,orinwriting

Whenyoucopytheexactwordsorauniquephrase

Whenyoureprintanydiagrams,illustrations,charts,pictures,orothervisualmaterials

Whenyoureuseorrepostanyelectronically-availablemedia,includingimages,audio,video,orothermedia

Bottomline,documentanywords,ideas,orotherproductionsthatoriginatesomewhereoutsideofyou.

Thereare,ofcourse,certainthingsthatdonotneeddocumentationorcredit,including:

Writingyourownlivedexperiences,yourownobservationsandinsights,yourownthoughts,andyourownconclusionsaboutasubject

Whenyouarewritingupyourownresultsobtainedthroughlaborfieldexperiments

Whenyouuseyourownartwork,digitalphotographs,video,audio,etc.

Whenyouareusing"

commonknowledge,"

thingslikefolklore,commonsenseobservations,myths,urbanlegends,andhistoricalevents（butnothistoricaldocuments）

Whenyouareusinggenerally-acceptedfacts,e.g.,pollutionisbadfortheenvironment,includingfactsthatareacceptedwithinparticulardiscoursecommunities,e.g.,inthefieldofcompositionstudies,"

writingisaprocess"

isagenerally-acceptedfact.

Decidingifsomethingis"

commonknowledge"

Generallyspeaking,youcanregardsomethingascommonknowledgeifyoufindthesameinformationundocumentedinatleastfivecrediblesources.Additionally,itmightbecommonknowledgeifyouthinktheinformationyou'

representingissomethingyourreaderswillalreadyknow,orsomethingthatapersoncouldeasilyfindingeneralreferencesources.Butwhenindoubt,cite;

ifthecitationturnsouttobeunnecessary,yourteacheroreditorwilltellyou.

SafePractices:

AnExercise

2013-02-2209:

28:

44

Readovereachofthefollowingpassages,andrespondonyourownorasaclassastowhetherornotitusescitationsaccurately.Ifitdoesn'

t,whatwouldyoudotoimprovethepassagesoit'

sproperlycited?

1.Lastsummer,myfamilyandItraveledtoChicago,whichwasquitedifferentfromtheruralareaIgrewupin.WesawthedinosaurSueattheFieldMuseum,andatepizzaatGino'

sEast.

2.Americanswanttocreateamoreperfectunion;

theyalsowanttoestablishjustice,ensuredomestictranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralwelfare,andsecuretheblessingsoflibertyforeverybody.

3.Ifinditridiculousthat57%ofhighschoolstudentsthinktheirteachersassigntoomuchhomework.

Numbers4,5,and6allrefertothefollowingpassagefromMartinLutherKing'

s"

LetterfromtheBirminghamJail"

:

YoudeplorethedemonstrationstakingplaceinBirmingham.Butyourstatement,Iamsorrytosay,failstoexpressasimilarconcernfortheconditionsthatbroughtaboutthedemonstrations.Iamsurethatnoneofyouwouldwanttorestcontentwiththesuperficialkindofsocialanalysisthatdealsmerelywitheffectsanddoesnotgrapplewithunderlyingcauses.ItisunfortunatethatdemonstrationsaretakingplaceinBirmingham,butitisevenmoreunfortunatethatthecity'

swhitepowerstructurelefttheNegrocommunitywithnoalternative.

4.MartinLutherKingwascertainthatnobodywouldwanttobecontentedwithafeigningtypeofsocialanalysisthatconcernsitselfonlywitheffectsanddoesn'

tdealwithrootcauses.

5.MartinLutherKingwrotethatthecityofBirmingham'

whitepowerstructure"

leftAfrican-Americansthere"

noalternative"

buttodemonstrate（"

para.5）.

6.In"

LetterfromtheBirminghamJail,"

Kingwritestofellowclergysayingthatalthoughthey"

deplorethedemonstrationstakingplaceinBirmingham,yourstatementfailstoexpressasimilarconcernfortheconditionsthatbroughtaboutthedemonstrations."

7.MyfriendKaratoldmethatsheloveslivingsoclosetotheocean.

8.Americansareguaranteedtherighttofreelygatherforpeacefulmeetings.

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Changesmustbereviewedbeforebeingdisplayedonthispage.show/hidedetails

Forotheruses,seePlagiarism（disambiguation）.

ForWikipediapoliciesconcerningplagiarism,seeWikipedia:

PlagiarismandWikipedia:

Copyrightviolations.

Pageprotectedwithpendingchangeslevel1

Plagiarismisthe"

wrongfulappropriation"

and"

stealingandpublication"

ofanotherauthor'

language,thoughts,ideas,orexpressions"

andtherepresentationofthemasone'

sownoriginalwork.[1][2]Theidearemainsproblematicwithuncleardefinitionsandunclearrules.[3][4][5]ThemodernconceptofplagiarismasimmoralandoriginalityasanidealemergedinEuropeonlyinthe18thcentury,particularlywiththeRomanticmovement.

Plagiarismisconsideredacademicdishonestyandabreachofjournalisticethics.Itissubjecttosanctionslikepenalties,suspension,andevenexpulsion.Recently,casesof'

extremeplagiarism'

havebeenidentifiedinacademia.[6]

Plagiarismisnotacrimepersebutinacademiaandindustry,itisaseriousethicaloffense,[7][8]andcasesofplagiarismcanconstitutecopyrightinfringement.

Contents[hide]

1Etymology

2Legalaspects

3Inacademiaandjournalism

3.1Academia

3.1.1Sanctionsforstudentplagiarism

3.2Journalism

3.3Self-plagiarism

3.3.1Theconceptofself-plagiarism

3.3.2Self-plagiarismandcodesofethics

3.3.3Factorsthatjustifyreuse

3.4Organizationalpublications

4Inthearts

4.1Plagiarismandthehistoryofart

4.2Praisingsofartisticplagiarism

5Inothercontexts

5.1PlagiarismontheInternet

6Seealso

7References

8Workscited

9Furtherreading

10Externallinks

Etymology[edit]

Inthe1stcentury,theuseoftheLatinwordplagiarius（literallykidnapper）todenotestealingsomeoneelse'

sworkwaspioneeredbyRomanpoetMartial,whocomplainedthatanotherpoethad"

kidnappedhisverses."

"

Plagiary"

aderivativeof"

plagiarus"

wasintroducedintoEnglishin1601bydramatistBenJonsontodescribesomeoneguiltyofliterarytheft.[7][9]

ThederivedformplagiarismwasintroducedintoEnglisharound1620.[10]TheLatinplagiārius,"

kidnapper"

andplagium,"

kidnapping"

hastherootplaga（"

snare"

"

net"

）,basedontheIndo-Europeanroot*-plak,"

toweave"

（seenforinstanceinGreekplekein,Bulgarian"

плета"

pleta,Latinplectere,allmeaning"

）.

Legalaspects[edit]

Althoughplagiarisminsomecontextsisconsideredtheftorstealing,theconceptdoesnotexistinalegalsense."

Plagiarism"

isnotmentionedinanycurrentstatute,eithercriminalorcivil.[11][8]Somecasesmaybetreatedasunfaircompetitionoraviolationofthedoctrineofmoralrights.[8]Theincreasedavailabilityofintellectualpropertyduetoariseintechnologyhasfurtheredthedebateastowhethercopyrightoffencesarecriminal.[citationneeded]Inshort,peopleareaskedtousetheguideline,"

...ifyoudidnotwriteityourself,youmustgivecredit."

[12]

Plagiarismisnotthesameascopyrightinfringement.Whilebothtermsmayapplytoaparticularact,theyaredifferentconcepts,andfalseclaimsofauthorshipmayconstituteplagiarismregardlessofwhetherthematerialisprotectedbycopyright.

Copyrightinfringementisaviolationoftherightsofacopyrightholder,whenmaterialwhoseuseisrestrictedbycopyrightisusedwithoutconsent.Plagiarism,incontrast,isconcernedwiththeunearnedincrementtotheplagiarizingauthor'

sreputationthatisachievedthroughfalseclaimsofauthorsh