美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题10含答案.docx

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题10含答案.docx

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美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题10含答案

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题10（含答案）

SECTIONII

　　Time35minutes26Questions

　　Directions:

Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

　　ThecareeroftrumpeterMilesDaviswasoneofthemostastonishinglyproductivethatjazzmusichaseverseen.Yethisgeniushasneverreceiveditsdue.TheimpatienceandartisticrestlessnessthatcharacterizedhisworkspawnedonestylisticturnafteranotherandmadeDavisanathematomanycritics,whodeploredhisabandonmentfirstofbebopandthenof“cool”acousticjazzforevermoreinnovativesounds.

　　Havingbegunhiscareerstudyingbebop,Davispulledthefirstofmanystylisticsurpriseswhen,in1948,hebecameamemberofanimpromptumusicalthinktankthatgatheredinaNewYorkCityapartment.Theworkofthisgroupnotonlysloweddowntemposandfeaturedensembleplayingasmuchasorevenmorethansolos—indirectreactiontobebop—italsobecametheseedbedforthe“WestCoastcool”jazzstyle.

　　Inwhatwouldbecomeacharacteristiczigzag,Davisdidn’tfollowupontheseinnovationshimself.Instead,inthelate1950sheformedanewbandthatbrokefreefromjazz’srestrictivepatternofchordchanges.Soloistscoulddeterminetheshapesoftheirmelodieswithoutreferringbacktothesameunvaryingrepetitionofchords.Inthisperiod,Davisattemptedtojoinjazzphrasings,harmonies,andtonalqualitieswithaunifiedandintegratedsoundsimilartothatofaclassicalorchestralpiece:

inhisrecordingstherhythms,nomatterhowjazzlike,arealwaysunderstated,andtheinstrumentalvoicingsseemmuted.

　　Davis’srecordingsfromthelate1960ssignalthat,onceagain,hisdirectionwaschanging.OnFillesdeKilimanjaro,Davis’srequestthatkeyboardistHerbieHancockplayelectricratherthanacousticpianocausedconsternationamongjazzpuristsofthetime.Otheralbumsfeaturedrock-stylebeats,heavilyelectronicinstrumentation,alooseimprovisationalattackandagrowinguseofstudioeditingtocreatejaggedsoundscapes.By1969Davis’stypicalstudioprocedurewastohavemusiciansimprovisefromabasescriptofmaterialandthentobuildfinishedpiecesoutoftape,likeamoviedirector.Rockgroupshadpioneeredtheprocess;tojazzlovers,raisedontheidealofliveimprovisation,thatapproachwasaviolationofthepremisethatrecordingsshouldsimplydocumentthemusicians’thoughtprocessesinrealtime.Davisagainbecamethetargetoffiercepolemicsbypuristjazzcritics,whohavecontinuedtobelittlehiscontributionstojazz.

　　WhatprobablyunderliestheintensityofthereactionsagainstDavisisfearofthebroadeningofpossibilitiesthatheexemplified.Ironically,hewassimplydoingwhatjazzexplorershavealwaysdone:

reachingforsomethingnewthatwashisown.Butbecausehiscareerendured,becausehedidn’tdieyoungorrecordonlysporadically,andbecauseherefusedtodwellinwhatevernichehehadpreviouslycarvedout,criticsfinditdifficulttodefinitivelyrankDavisintheaesthetichierarchytowhichtheycling.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointthepassage?

　　（A）BecausethecareerofMilesDaviswascharacterizedbyfrequentshiftsinstyles,heneverfulfilledhismusicalpotential.

　　（B）BecausethecareerofMilesDavisdoesnotfitneatlyintotheirpreconceptionsaboutthelifeandmusicofjazzmusicians,jazzcriticshavenotaccordedhimtheappreciationhedeserves.

　　（C）BecausethecareerofMilesDaviswasunusuallylongandproductive,heneverreceivedthepopularacclaimgenerallyreservedforartistswithmoretragiclifehistories.

　　（D）ThelongandproductivecareerofMilesDavisspawnedmostofthemajorstylisticchangesaffectingtwentieth-centuryjazz.

　　（E）MilesDavis’versatilityandopennesshaveinspiredtheadmirationofmostjazzcritics.

　　2.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingtrueofthe“WestCoastcool”jazzstyle?

　　（A）ItwaspopularizedbyMilesDavis.

　　（B）Itwascharacterizedbyaunifiedandintegratedsound.

　　（C）Itwasplayedprimarilybylargeensembles.

　　（D）Itintroducedawidevarietyofchordchangepatterns.

　　（E）ItgrewoutofinnovationsdevelopedinNewYorkCity.

　　3.ThepassagesuggestswhichoneofthefollowingaboutthekindofjazzplayedbyMilesDavispriorto1948?

　　（A）Itwascharacterizedbyrapidtemposandanemphasisonsoloplaying.

　　（B）Itequallybalancedensembleandsoloplaying.

　　（C）Itwasareactionagainstmorerestrictivejazzstyles.

　　（D）Itisregardedbypuristjazzcriticsastheonlyauthenticjazzstyle.

　　（E）ItwasplayedprimarilyinNewYorkCityjazzclubs.

　　4.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardMilesDavis’music?

　　（A）uneasyambivalence

　　（B）cautiousneutrality

　　（C）grudgingrespect

　　（D）moderatecommendation

　　（E）appreciativeadvocacy

　　5.WhichoneofthefollowingcreativeprocessesismostsimilartoMilesDavis’typicalstudioprocedureofthelate1960s,asdescribedinthefourthparagraphofthepassage?

　　（A）Theproducerofatelevisioncomedyshowsuggestsasettingandgeneraltopicforacomedysketchandthenletsthecomedianswritetheirownscript.

　　（B）Anactordigressesfromthewrittenscriptandimprovisesduringamonologueinordertointroduceafeelingofspontaneitytotheperformance.

　　（C）Aconductorrehearseseachsectionoftheorchestraseparatelybeforeassemblingthemtorehearsetheentirepiecetogether.

　　（D）Anartisthasseveralphotographerstakepicturespertainingtoacertainassignedthemeandthenassemblesthemintoapictorialcollage.

　　（E）Ateacherhaseachstudentinawritingclasswriteanessayonanassignedtopicandthensubmitsthebestessaystobeconsideredforpublicationinajournal.

　　6.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostunderminetheauthor’sexplanationforthewayMilesDavisisregardedbyjazzcritics?

　　（A）Manyjazzmusicianswhospecializeinimprovisationalplayingaregreatlyadmiredbyjazzcritics.

　　（B）Manyjazzmusicianswhosecareershavebeencharacterizedbyseveralradicalchangesinstylearegreatlyadmiredbyjazzcritics.

　　（C）Severaljazzmusicianswhoperformexclusivelyonelectronicinstrumentsareveryhighlyregardedbyjazzcritics.

　　（D）Thejazzinnovatorswhoareheldinthehighestregardbyjazzcriticshadbriefyetbrilliantcareers.

　　（E）Jazzcriticsareknowntohaveahigherregardformusicalitythanformeretechnicalvirtuosity.

　　参考答案：

1-6 BEAEDB

Bythemid-fourteenthcentury,professionalassociationsofcanonlawyers（legaladvocatesinChristianecclesiasticalcourts,whichdealtwithcasesinvolvingmarriage,inheritance,andotherissues）hadappearedinmostofWesternEurope,andabodyofprofessionalstandardshadbeendefinedforthem.Onemightexpectthattheprofessionalassociationswouldplayaprominentroleinenforcingthesestandardsofconduct,asotherguildsoftendid,andasmodernprofessionalassociationsdo,butthatseemsnottohavehappened.Advocates’professionalorganizationsshowedlittlefervorfordiscipliningtheirerringmembers.Someevenattemptedtohobbleeffortsatenforcement.TheFlorentineguildoflawyers,forexample,forbadeitsmemberstoplayanyroleindisciplinaryproceedingsagainstotherguildmembers.Inthefewrecordedepisodesofdisciplinaryenforcement,theinitiativefordisciplinaryactionapparentlycamefromadissatisfiedclient,notfromfellowlawyers.

　　Atfirstglance,thereseemtobetwopossibleexplanationsfortherarityofdisciplinaryproceedings.Medievalcanonlawyersmayhavegenerallyobservedthestandardsofprofessionalconductscrupulously.Alternatively,itispossiblethatdeviationsfromtheestablishedstandardsofbehaviorwerenotuncommon,butthatcanonicaldisciplinarymechanismsweresoinefficientthatmostdelinquentsescapeddetectionandpunishment.

　　Twoconsiderationsmakeitclearthatthesecondoftheseexplanationsismoreplausible.First,theEnglishcivillawcourts,whoseethicalstandardsweresimilartothoseofecclesiasticalcourts,showmanymoreexamplesofdisciplinaryactionsagainstlegalpractitionersthandotherecordsofchurchcourts.Thisdiscrepancycouldwellindicatethatthedisciplinarymechanismsofthecivilcourtsfunctionedmoreefficientlythanthoseofthechurchcourts.Thealternativeinference,namely,thatecclesiasticaladvocateswerelesspronetoethicallapsesthantheircounterpartsinthecivilcourts,seemsinherentlyweak,especiallysincetherewassomeoverlapofpersonnelbetweenthecivilbarandtheecclesiasticalbar.

　　Second,churchauthoritiesthemselvescomplainedaboutthefailureofadvocatestomeasureuptoethicalstandardsanddeploredtheshortcomingsofthedisciplinarysystem.ThustheCouncilofBaseldeclaredthatcanonlawyersfailedtoadheretotheethicalprescriptionslaiddowninnumerouspapalconstitutionsanddirectedCardinalCesariantoaddresstheproblem.InEngland,wheremedievalchurchrecordsareextraordinarilyrich,similarcomplaintsaboutthefailureofthedisciplinarysystemtoreformunethicalpracticeswereverycommon.

　　Suchcriticismsseemtohavehadaparadoxicalresult,fortheyapparentlyreinforcedtheprofessionalsolidarityoflawyersattheexpenseoftheenforcementofethicalstandards.Thustheprofession’scriticsmayactuallyhaveinducedadvocatestoorgan