英语六级真题及答案详解Word格式文档下载.docx
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注意：
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
PartII
ReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）
（15minutes）
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionson
AnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfrom
thefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Google'
sPlanforWorld'
sBiggestOnlineLibrary:
PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?
Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomake
digitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesin
AmericaandEurope
-
includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexact
methoditusesisunclear;
thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"
organise
theworld'
sinformation"
soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."
Thisreallyisn'
taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."
AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"
Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehope
toexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilya
philanthropic
（慈善的）exercise."
scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'
ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"
hesays."
Butwehaveneverbuilta
spreadsheet
（电子数据表）outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'
sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.
ButGoogle'
sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecently
emerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosets
ofcriticismsatGoogle.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'
s
booksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.Inarecentessayinthe
NewYorkReviewofBooks,
RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'
slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'
sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecoming
miredin
（陷入）alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakes
theJarndyceandJarndycecaseinCharlesDickens'
BleakHouse
lookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmost
books,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedby
copyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthe
durationofanauthor'
slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'
sheirstobenefit.（InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.）Thismeans,ofcourse,that
almostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright
–
andthelastcentury
sawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40million
booksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27
millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"
publicdomain"
（workssuchastheBodleian'
sfirsteditionof
Middlemarch,
whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch）.
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–
arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"
fairuse"
.Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesof
thesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
"
Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonce
authorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"
saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagency
inLondon."
Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."
In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit
（集团诉讼）againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–
andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."
Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"
saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'
smostvocalBritishcritics.
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublishers
whoserightsithasbreached（includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks）.Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders
toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondeals
soldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'
smostcontroversialaspect.
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'
srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."
sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"
pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'
sprovisions,Googlecould
becomeasignificantforceinbookselling.
Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"
orphan"
works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder
thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.
Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividual
buyersundertheconsumerlicence.
Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbe
enacted
（执行）
itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,Googlewillineffectbeoffthehookasfaras
copyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.
NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'
slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'
tevenknowitself.But
whatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'
sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhavea
significantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.
1.
Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'
sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.
A）
toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic
B）
toencouragereadingaroundtheworld
C）
tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries
D）
topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching
2.
AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'
sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.
broadenhumanity'
sintellectualhorizons
helpthebroadmassesofreaders
revolutionisetheentirebookindustry
makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine
3.
OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'
sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.
non-profitorganisations
C）multinationalcompanies
sleadinglibraries
D）theworld'
stechgiants
4.
Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.
thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks
thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned
theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers
thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks
5.
Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.
itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent
itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders
makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright
theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse
6.
WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?
ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.
Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.
ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.
Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchd
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