美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12含答案.docx

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12含答案.docx

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美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12含答案

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题12（含答案）

SECTIONIII

　　Time35minutes28Questions

　　Directions:

Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

　　Untilrecentlymanyastronomersbelievedthatasteroidstravelaboutthesolarsystemunaccompaniedbysatellites.Theseastronomersassumedthisbecausetheyconsideredasteroid-satellitesystemsinherentlyunstable.Theoreticianscouldhavetoldthemotherwise:

evenminusculebodiesinthesolarsystemcantheoreticallyhavesatellites,aslongaseverythingisinproperscale.IfabowlingballwereorbitingabouttheSunintheasteroidbelt,itcouldhaveapebbleorbitingitasfarawayasafewhundredradii（orabout50meters）withoutlosingthepebbletotheSun’sgravitationalpull.

　　Observationsnowsuggestthatasteroidsatellitesmayexistsnotonlyintheorybutalsoinreality.Severalastronomershavenoticed,whilewatchingasteroidspassbrieflyinfrontofstars,thatsomethingbesidestheknownasteroidsometimesblocksoutthestaraswell.Isthatsomethingasatellite?

　　ThemostconvincingsuchreportconcernstheasteroidHerculina,whichwasduetopassinfrontofastarin1978.Astronomerswaitingforthepredictedeventfoundnotjustoneoccultation,oreclipse,ofthestar,buttwodistinctdropsinbrightness.Onewasthepredictedoccultation,exactlyontime.Theother,lastingaboutfiveseconds,precededthepredictedeventbyabouttwominutes.ThepresenceofasecondarybodynearHerculinathusseemedstronglyindicated.Tocausethesecondaryoccultation,anunseensatellitewouldhavetobeabout45kilometersindiameter,aquarterofthesizeofHerculina,andatadistanceof990kilometersfromtheasteroidatthetime.Thesevaluesarewithintheoreticalbounds,andsuchanasteroid-satellitepaircouldbestable.

　　WiththeHerculinaevent,apparentsecondaryoccultationsbecame“respectable”—andmorecommonlyreported.Infact,socommondidreportsofsecondaryeventsbecomethattheyarenowsimplytoonumerousforallofthemtobeaccurate.Evenifeveryasteroidhasasmanysatellitesascanbefittedarounditwithoutanunduenumberofcollisions,onlyoneineveryhundredprimaryoccultationswouldbeaccompaniedbyasecondaryevent（oneineverythousandifasteroidsatellitessystemresembledthoseoftheplanets）.

　　Yetevenastronomerswhofindthecaseforasteroidsatellitesunconvincingatpresentsaytheywouldchangetheirmindsifaphotoelectricrecordweremadeofawell-behavedsecondaryevent.By“well-behaved”theymeanthatduringoccultationtheobservedbrightnessmustdropsharplyasthestarwinksoutandmustrisesharplyasitreappearsfrombehindtheobstructingobject,butthebrightnessduringthesecondaryoccultationmustdroptothatoftheasteroid,nohigherandnolower.Thiswouldmakeitextremelyunlikelythatanairplaneoraglitchintheinstrumentswasmasqueradingasanoccultingbody.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

　　（A）TheobservationofHerculinarepresentedthecrucialeventthatastronomicalobserversandtheoreticianshadbeenwaitingfortoestablishaconvincingcaseforthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystems.

　　（B）Althoughastronomerslongbelievedthatobservationsupportstheexistenceofstableasteroid-satellitesystems,numerousrecentreportshaveincreasedskepticismonthisissueinastronomy.

　　（C）Theoreticians’viewsonthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystemsmayberevisedinthelightofreportslikethoseaboutHerculina.

　　（D）Astronomerscontinuetoconsideritrespectabletodoubtthestabilityofasteroid-satellitesystems,butnewtheoreticaldevelopmentsmaychangetheirviews.

　　（E）TheHerculinaeventsuggeststhattheoreticians’viewsaboutasteroid-satellitesystemsmaybecorrect,andastronomersagreeaboutthekindofevidenceneededtoclearlyresolvetheissue.

　　2.WhichoneofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasprovidingevidencethatHerculinahasasatellite?

　　（A）thediameterofabodydirectlyobservednearHerculina

　　（B）thedistancebetweenHerculinaandplanetnearesttoit

　　（C）theshortestpossibletimeinwhichsatellitesofHerculina,ifany,couldcompleteasingleorbit

　　（D）theoccultationthatoccurredshortlybeforethepredictedoccultationbyHerculina

　　（E）thepreciseextenttowhichobservedbrightnessdroppedduringtheoccultationbyHerculina

　　3.Accordingtothepassage,theattitudeofastronomerstowardasteroidsatellitessincetheHerculinaeventcanbestdescribedas

　　（A）open-mindednesscombinedwithaconcernforrigorousstandardsofproof

　　（B）contemptforandimpatiencewiththepositionheldbytheoreticians

　　（C）bemusementatachaoticmixoftheory,inadequateorspuriousdata,andcallsforscientificrigor

　　（D）hardheadedskepticism,implyingrejectionofalldatanotrecordedautomaticallybystate-of-the-artinstruments

　　（E）admirationforthemethodicalprocessbywhichscienceprogressesfrominitialhypothesistoincontrovertibleproof

　　4.TheauthorimpliesthatwhichoneofthefollowingwastruepriortoreportsoftheHerculinaevent?

　　（A）Sincenogoodtheoreticalmodelexisted,allclaimsthatreportsofsecondaryoccultationswerecommonweredisputed.

　　（B）Someofthereportedobservationsofsecondaryoccultationswereactuallyobservationsofcollisionsofsatelliteswithoneanother.

　　（C）Iftherewereobservationsofphenomenaexactlylikethephenomenanowlabeledsecondaryoccultations,astronomerswerelesslikelythantohavereportedsuchobservations.

　　（D）Theprevailingstandardsconcerningwhattoclassifyasawell-behavedsecondaryeventwerelessstringentthantheyarenow.

　　（E）Astronomerswereeagertopublishtheirobservationsofoccultationsofstarsbysatellitesofasteroids.

　　5.TheinformationpresentedinthepassageimplieswhichoneofthefollowingaboutthefrequencyofreportsofsecondaryoccultationsaftertheHerculinaevent?

　　（A）ThepercentageofreportsofprimaryoccultationsthatalsoincludedreportsofsecondaryoccultationsincreasedtenfoldcomparedtothetimebeforetheHerculinaevent.

　　（B）Primaryoccultationsbyasteroidswerereportedtohavebeenaccompaniedbysecondaryoccultationsinaboutoneoutofeverythousandcases.

　　（C）TheabsolutenumberofreportsofsecondaryoccultationsincreasedtenfoldcomparedtothetimebeforetheHerculinaevent.

　　（D）Primaryoccultationsbyasteroidswerereportedtohavebeenaccompaniedbysecondaryoccultationsinmorethanoneoutofeveryhundredcases.

　　（E）Inmorethanoneoutofeveryhundredcases,primaryoccultationswerereportedtohavebeenaccompaniedbymorethanonesecondaryoccultation.

　　6.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

　　（A）castdoubtsonexistingreportsofsecondaryoccultationsofstars

　　（B）describeexperimentaleffortsbyastronomerstoseparatetheoreticallybelievableobservationsofsatellitesofasteroidsfromspuriousones

　　（C）reviewthedevelopmentofideasamongastronomersaboutwhetherornotsatellitesofasteroidsexist

　　（D）bringatheoretician’sperspectivetobearonanincompletediscussionofsatellitesofasteroids

　　（E）illustratethelimitsofreasonablespeculationconcerningtheoccultationofstars

　　7.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichoneofthefollowingwouldmosthelptoresolvethequestionofwhetherasteroidshavesatellites?

　　（A）areviewofpre-1978reportsofsecondaryoccultations

　　（B）animprovedtheoreticalmodelofstablesatellitesystems

　　（C）aphotoelectricrecordofawell-behavedsecondaryoccultation

　　（D）amorestringentdefinitionofwhatconstitutesawell-behavedsecondaryoccultation

　　（E）apowerfultelescopethatwouldpermitacomparisonofground-basedobservationwiththosemadefromairplanes

　　参考答案：

1-7 EDACDCC

Historiansattemptingtoexplainhowscientificworkwasdoneinthelaboratoryoftheseventeenth-centurychemistandnaturalphilosopherRobertBoylemustaddressafundamentaldiscrepancybetweenhowsuchexperimentationwasactuallyperformedandtheseventeenth-centuryrhetoricdescribingit.LeadersofthenewRoyalSocietyofLondoninthe1660sinsistedthatauthenticsciencedependeduponactualexperimentsperformed,observed,andrecordedbythescientiststhemselves.Rejectingthetraditionalcontemptformanualoperations,thesescientists,allmembersoftheEnglishupperclass,werenottothinkthemselvesdemeanedbythemuckingaboutwithchemicals,furnaces,andpumps;rather,thewillingnessofeachofthemtobecome,asBoylehimselfsaid,amere“drudge”and“under-builder”inthesearchforGod’struthinnaturewastakenasasignoftheirnobilityandChristianpiety.

　　ThisrhetorichasbeensoeffectivethatonemodernhistorianassuresusthatBoylehimselfactuallyperformedallofthethousandormoreexperimentshereported.Infact,duetopooreyesight,fragilehealth,andfrequentabsencesfromhislaboratory,Boyleturnedovermuchofthelaborofobtainingandrecordingexperimentalresultstopaidtechnicians,althoughpublishedaccountsoftheexperimentsrarely,ifever,acknowledgedthetechnicians’contributions.NorwasBoyleuniqueinrelyingontechnicianswithoutpubliclycreditingtheirwork.

　　Whywerethecontributionsofthesetechniciansnotrecognizedbytheiremployers?

Onereasonisthehistoricaltendency,whichhaspersiste