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White-linediseaseandhaemorrhagesinhoovesofFinnishdairycattle  OriginalResearchArticle

PreventiveVeterinaryMedicine,Volume94,Issues1-2,1April2010,Pages18-27

MinnaKujala,IanR.Dohoo,TimoSoveri

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

TheFinnishHealthyHoovesProjectwassetuptodeterminethefrequencyof,andriskfactorsfor,varioushooflesionsinFinnishdairyherds.Datawerecollectedin2003and2004.Alargedatasetof>74,000cow-levelobservationsrecordedbyhoof-trimmersweremergedwithproductiondatafromtheFinnishAgriculturalDataProcessingCentreLtd.Ultimately,datafromasinglelactationfromeachof16,727cowsin703herdswereusedforanalysesofwhite-linedisease（WLD）andhaemorrhages-lesions.Three-levelhierarchicallogisticmodelswithhoof-trimmerandfarms（withinhoof-trimmer）asrandom-effectswerefittodatasetsoftie-stall（TS）andloose-housing（LH）herdsseparately.

CowsexaminedoncehadaWLDriskof4.8%inTSherdsand17%inLHherds.Asthenumberofexaminationsincreased,theoddsofaWLDdiagnosisincreasedsubstantially;（2and3+examinationshadoddsratios（ORs）of2.57and3.40inTSherdsand2.32and4.67inLHherds,respectively,comparedto1examination）.ParityhadaninteractionwithbreedinallmodelsinTSandintheLHhaemorrhagesmodel,butnotinWLDLHmodels.InTSherds,olderHolsteincowshadaveryhighriskofWLDcomparedtoyoungAyrshirecows（OR = 7.92）.AlsoinLHherdsbothbreedandparityhadassociationwithWLD（Holsteincowswere1.57timesmorelikelythanAyrshirecowsandcowsinparity≥4weremorelikely（OR = 2.89）thanparity1togetWLD）.

InTSherds,otherhooflesions–suchashaemorrhages（OR = 1.65）,heel-hornerosions（OR = 1.77）,andcorkscrewclaw（OR = 1.82）–increasedtheriskofWLD.InLHherds,corkscrewclaw（OR = 1.59）andheel-hornerosion（OR = 0.72）hadasignificantassociationwithWLD.InTSherds,useofmats（comparedtohardflooring）significantlyreducedtheriskofWLDandhaemorrhages（OR = 0.57andOR = 0.80,respectively）.

Nosignificantassociationsofthe305-daymilkproductionontheriskofeitherdiseasewereobservedineitherTSorLHherds（305-daymilkyieldfromeachcows’previouslactationwereusedforcalculations,withherdaverageyieldandtheindividualcow'sdeviationfromtheherdaveragebeingusedaspredictors）.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Materialsandmethods

2.1.Dataanalysis

3.Results

3.1.Unconditionalassociations

3.2.Lactationalrisks

3.3.Varianceestimatesandmodelfitting

3.4.Associationsofmilkproduction

3.5.Riskfactors—inTSandLHherds

3.6.AssociationofbreedandparitywithWLD

3.7.Associationofbreedandparitywithhaemorrhages

3.8.Trimmingseason

4.Discussion

4.1.Data

4.2.Lactationalrisk

4.3.Parityandbreed

4.4.Typeofloose-housing

4.5.Mats

4.6.Otherhooflesions

4.7.Milkyield

4.8.Smallerornoassociationoffeedingsystem,herdsizeandparturitionyear

5.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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27

ResultsofCMMstandalonetestsatDTP2  OriginalResearchArticle

FusionEngineeringandDesign,InPress,CorrectedProof,Availableonline8March2011

HannuSaarinen,T.Kivelä,L.Zhai,V.Hämäläinen,J.Karjalainen,L.Aha,L.Heikkilä,H.Mäkinen,J.Järvepää,S.Kiviranta,B.Krassi,M.Viinikainen,M.Siuko,J.Mattila,S.Esqué,L.Semeraro

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

Afullscalephysicaltestfacility,DTP2（DivertorTestPlatform2）hasbeenestablishedinFinlandfordemonstratingandrefiningtheRemoteHandling（RH）equipmentdesignsforITER.ThefirstprototypeRHequipmentatDTP2istheCassetteMultifunctionalMover（CMM）equippedwiththeSecondCassetteEndEffector（SCEE）deliveredtoDTP2inOctober2008.ThepurposeistoprovethatCMM/SCEEprototypecanbeusedsuccessfullyforthe2ndcassetteRHoperations.AttheendofF4Egrant“DTP2testfacilityoperationandupgradepreparation”,theRHoperationsofthe2ndcassetteweresuccessfullydemonstratedtotherepresentativesofFusionforEnergy（F4E）.

DuringthegranttheHighLevelControl（HLC）softwaredevelopedatDTP2wasintegratedwiththeCMM/SCEEhardware.TheperformancecriteriaoftheCMM/SCEEequipmentweredefinedbasedonthe‘ENISO9283Manipulatingindustrialrobots–Performancecriteriaandrelatedtestmethods’standard.Considerableimprovementtotheperformancewasachievedwiththeaidofcompensationfunctions,whichtookintoaccountthedeflectionsandthecomplianceeffectscausedbytheDivertorCassetteweighting9000 kg.Accordingtomeasurementsthepositioningerroratthefurthestpointofthecassettewasreducedfrom80 mmto5 mm.

Sofarthe2ndcassettemock-uphasbeeninstalledandremovedalreadysometensoftimes.ThereliabilityoftheHLCsoftwareissufficienttooperatetheCMM/SCEEalldaywithoutinterruptions.AlsotheexecutionoftheautomaticRHprocesseswiththeoverallRHsystemisreliableandrepeatableintermsofaccuracyandcycletime.

TheseexperimentsprovideasolidbasisforinvestigatingtheRHsystemabilitytoperformfail-safeoperationsinvariousfailurescenariosandtorecoverfromthem.ThetargetofthecontinuingR&Distofindoutamorecompletesetoffunctionalandnon-functionalrequirementsfortheRHsystemforDivertorCassettemaintenancetoensureanadequatelevelofrequirementsandproceduresforITER.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.ContentofCMMstandalonetests

3.ResultsandconclusionsoftheCMMstandalonetests

3.1.Cassetteoperations

3.1.1.Automaticremoteoperations

3.1.2.Manualremoteoperations

3.2.Cycletimesforthe2ndcassetteoperations

3.3.ControllabilityoftheCMM/SCEE

3.4.Calibrationandloadcompensation

3.5.PerformancecriteriaoftheCMM/SCEE

3.6.Software

Acknowledgements

AppendixA.PerformanceoftheCMM/SCEE

References

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28

Malawi

InternationalEncyclopediaofEducation,2010,Pages666-672

F.R.Mkandawire,D.Mulera

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AbstractAbstract|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

EducationinMalawiisgovernedbytheEducationActof1962.Anewactisintheprocessofpreparation.TheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandTechnology（MOEST）ismandatedtoensuretheprovisionofprimary,secondary,andteachereducationandprovisionoftechnicalandvocationaleducation.Thegovernmentthroughannualfinancialsubventionsprovidesforuniversityandpolytechniceducation.TheMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopmentisresponsibleforpre-primaryeducationandtheadultliteracyprogram.Theprivatesectoriscurrentlyactiveintheprovisionofpre-primary,primary,secondary,anduniversityeducation.

Theformaleducationsectorisstructuredonthetraditionalpyramidallinesofprimary,secondary,tertiary,andhighereducation.Over48%ofthepopulationisunder15yearsofageandthissetsthecontextforthedauntingchallengestothesystem.Currently,over80%oftherelevantagecohortareenrolledatprimarylevel,17%atsecondary,andlessthan1%attertiaryandhighereducation.

Upuntiltheearly1990s,educationinMalawiexpandedslowly.GivenMalawi’sstrongmissionarytradition,thechurchesplayedamajorrole.Alllevelsofeducationwerefeepayingbuttherewasaheavysubsidyschemeforsecondaryandhigherlevels.Thismeantineffectthatthegovernmentsofthatera（colonialandlaternational）supportedahighlyelitisteducationsystem.

Sincethenewpoliticaldispensationin1994,therehasbeenanoticeableincreaseinpublicattentiontoeducation.Freeprimaryeducationwasintroduced,increasedaccesswasprovidedforsecondaryeducation,amoredynamicapproachhasbeentakenontechnicalandvocationaleducation,andanewuniversityhasbeenestablishedintheNorthernRegion（Mzuzu）.Currently,anewUniversityofScienceandTechnologyisonthedrawingboard.Expenditureoneducationhasalsodramaticallyincreased,althoughmuchofthishasgoneintosalaries（additionalteachersatprimarylevel）withoutcorrespondinginvestmentinqualitativeinputs.

Malawi’seducationalpoliciesarearticulatedinthePolicyInvestmentFramework（MOEST,1995,1998）andtheNationalEducationSectorPlan（MOEST,2008）.TheoverallobjectivesoftheMOESTare:

●toprovidefreeprimaryeducationforallchildrenofschool-goingage;●toensuretheprovisionofsecondaryeducationforatleast30%ofthesecondaryagegroup;and●toprovideaccesstotertiaryeducationtothosewhoqualify.

Theeducationsectorismanagedthroughcentral,divisional（6）,anddistrict（38）structures.Primaryschoolsarefurtherorganizedthroughazonalsystem（315zones）witheachzoneservedbyaTeachers’DevelopmentCentre.Asimilarclustersystemhasbeendevelopedforthesecondarysubsectorwith74clusters.

ArticleOutline

• GeneralBackground

• EducationPoliciesandReforms

• StructureandOperationoftheEducationSystem

• ScopeofBasicEducation

• EarlyChildhoodCareandEducation

• Primary（Elementary）andSecondaryEducation

• SecondaryEducation

• AccessandEquityinSecondaryEducation

• QualityofSecondaryEducation

• TechnicalandVocationalEducation

• DistanceandContinuingEducation

• SpecialEducation

• NonformalEducat