灌溉控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

灌溉控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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灌溉控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

窗体顶端

DRIPIRRIGATIONAUTOMATIONWITHAWATERLEVELSENSINGSYSTEMINAGREENHOUSE 

窗体底端

窗体顶端

Automatedcontrolsystemsinirrigationhaveinrecentyearsmadeconsiderableprogress,offeringawiderangeofnewoptions.Inthisexperiment,dripirrigationsystemautomaticallygovernedirrigationinaccordancewithawaterlevelsensingsysteminthemini-panwiththehelpofevaporation.Dataacquisitionwasperformedbyanelectroniccircuit,whichprocesseddataandthensentthedatatothemicrocontroller（Pic16f877）.Inthesystem,aclosedloopcontrolsystembasedonsensingwaterlevelinthemini-panwasusedtoactivateirrigation,therebythesystemstartedirrigationwheneverwaterlevelinthemini-pandroppedtothesetlevel.Theperformanceoftheautomatedsystemcanbeincreasedastheirrigationtiminginthesoftwareisadjustedaccordingtoplantgrowthstages.

Keywords:

automatedirrigation;dripirrigation;waterlevelsensor;irrigationcontroller;mini-pan.

INTRODUCTION

Pressurizedirrigationsystemswhencombiningbyanautomationsystemshavebecomemoreeffectiveinirrigationpractices.Nowadays,thecurrenttrendhasbeenswithcingfromamanualsystemtoautomaticoperationsinapressurizedsystemandalsothatautomationandelectronicsinagriculturebecomemorepopularallaroundtheworld（JosiandGokhale,2006）.Energysavings,reducedlaborcostandcontrolinfertilizerapplicationareamongsomeofthemajoradvantagesinadoptingauotomatedtechniquesindripirrigationsystems（YildirimandDemirel,2011）.Automatedirrigationsystemsprovidehighcropyield,savewaterusage（Mulas,1986）,facilitatehighfrequencyandlowvolumeirrigation（Abrahametal.2000）,andalsoreducehumanerrors（Castanon,1992）.Manymethodshavebeendescribedandsensorsdevelopedtomanageirrigationsystemsobjectively（SalasandUrrestarazu,2001）.Recentirrigationtechnologieshaveusedsophisticatedequipmenttosupplywatertotherootareaofplantsastheyneedit.However,theuseofthesesophisticatedmethodsisnotpossibleforallgrowers.Asimpleirrigationsystem,calledtheirrigationcontroltray,wasdevelopedbyCaceresetal.（2007）,whichactivatedtheirrigationsystemwiththeaidofalevel-controlrelay.Gieling（1995）statedthatautomationsystemsshouldbeusedbothtomeasuretheenvironmentalconditionsandtouseinirrigation.IrrigationcanbeperformedaccordingtothemethodsofsolarradiationandClass-Apan.Class-Apanhasbeenusedsuccesfullyinallovertheworldtoestimateevapotranspiration.Hanan（1990）reportedthatClass-Apanusedinangreenhousetoestimateevapotranspirationhasachievedthesimilarresultsasmuschasthemethodsofradiation（FAO）andPriestley-Taylor.Jain（1975）andSharmaetal.（1975）statedClass-Apanisnotappropriateforfarmerstobeusedinanopenfield,sothattheyusedamini-pan（10.5cmindiameterand13.5cminheight）toirrigatewheatandmaizeinanopenfieldandobtainedthecorrelationcoefficientof0.82betweenmini-panandClass-Apan.PalaciosandQuevedo（1996）usedamini-panconsistingofdoublering（theinnerringwas27.5cmindiameterand7.5cminheight,theouterring55cmindiameterand22cminheight）toscheduletheirrigationprograminanopenfieldandreportedtobeusedforirrigation.Cemeketal.（2004）observedastrongrelationshipbetweenmini-panandClass-Apan.

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastotestaprototypeofamini-panandawaterlevelsensorandalsotomodifytheirrigationcontroller,triggeredbythewaterlevelsensorinthepan,andtherebydevelopasimpleandeconomicalautomatedirrigationsystemappropriateforgreenhousegrowingofhigh-valuecrops.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

TheexperimentwasconductedoutdoorofagreenhousefromMaytoAugust,2011atCanakkaleOnsekizMartUniversity,Turkey.Thegeographicallocationoftheexperimentalareais40°06'32.64''Nlatitude,26°24'45.31''Elongtitude,andhasa5-melevation（Figure1）.

Temperature（oC）andrelativehumidity（%）atthesiteweremeasured1.5mabovethecanopyoftheplantsbyusingaHOBOU12instrument（Figure2）,andmeasurementrangewasfrom-200Cto700Cfortemperature,5%to95%forhumidity.

Thequalityoftheirrigationwaterisgivenintable1.AstandardsoilmusthaveapHvaluebetween6.5and7.2andelectricalconductivity（EC）oflessthan4mScm-1（AyersandWestcot,1994）.Accordingtothesevalues,thesalinitylevelofthesubstratewasinthenormalrange.Theirrigationwater,however,wasinthemoderatelytolerablerange;ithadalreadybeenusedforirrigationatthesite.Eachpotintheexperimentwasappliedwiththesameamountoffertilizers:

triplesuperphosphate（3gperpot）,potassiumsulfate（3gperpot）andurea（3gperpot）.Ureawasappliedagainat15and20dayintervalsrespectivelyafterplantingatthesamedosage.

Componentsoftheautomatedirrigationsystem:

Nurseriesplantedwithpeppers（CapsicumannuumL.）weretransplantedintopots.Thesubstratewasamixtureofpeat（1:

4,v/v）andsoil（3:

4,v/v）.）,eachpotcontained4Lofsubstrateandthelayoutoftheexperiment'scomponentsisgiveninfigure3.Theirrigationsystemincludedthefollowingcomponents;waterstoragetank（50L）;oneofitwastoirrigate,anotheronewastofillthemini-pan,submersiblepumpoperatingat12vdc（voltsdirectcurrent）ineachstoragetankand2.05A,powersupply（12vdc）,pots（250x210mm,9L）havingapanunderittocollectwaterthatdrains,Ø16pipeswithdrippers（4L/h）ataspacingof33cm,withonedripperservingeachpot.Valvesandconnectionapparatuswereusedtointegrateallitemsoftheirrigationsystem.Minipanwasconsistingofdoublerings,theheightofbothwas20cm,theinnerringdiameterof27cmandtheouterof32cm,alsotherewasanotchatthebottomofinnerringprovidingwatermovementbetweenthem.Thesensordeterminingtheamountofallowablewatertoevaporatewasinstalledinsideintheinnerring.Thetoptubewasweldedtotheupperpointofthemini-pantofillitandwaterwaspumpedbytheirrigationcontrollerfromstoragetank,whentheallowableamountofwaterwasevaporatedfrommini-pan.Thedrainagepipewasremovingexcesswatertofixthetopwaterlevelinthemini-panto13.5cmaftereachfillingprocessasseenfigure4.

Themostimportantandbasiccomponentoftheautomatedirrigationsystemwasthesensor,whichdetectedthewaterlevelinthemini-pan.Itwasmadeoftwosteelrods,onerodfixedandscrewonewasmovingupanddowntoadjusttheamountofwaterallowedtoevaporate.Thedistancebetweentherodswas2.5cm.Theywereplacedinaplasticbox（width3x3cm,height1cm）,thenfilledwithsilicone.Attheendoftherods,thecablewasconnectedtoprovideanelectricalcommunicationbetweentherodsandtheMCU（Fig.5）.

AsignalcomingfromthewaterlevelsensorwassenttotheMicrocontrollerunit（MCU-Pic16F877）andthenirrigationstartedandstoppedaccordingtothelogicembeddedinMCU.ThecircuitincludedbothabuzzertogiveawarningvoiceandanLCDtoshowsomemessagessuchas"1.pumprun"or"2.pumprun"etc.TheMCUunitisadevicethathasprogrammablecapability,readsensor,andcontrolsthedevicessuchasrelaysconnectedtothepumps（fig3）.Inthisexperiment,theMCUwasactuallyacontroller,uponreceivingasignalfromthewaterlevelsensoritrunsthepumpsandshutsdownaftertheprocedure.TheMCUhasa20Mhzpicprocessorwith40-pinDualIn-linepackage（DIP）andrunsatarelativelylowvoltagevalueof5vdc（Altınbasak,2004）.OnepinoftheMCUwasassignedasaninputtomonitorthewaterlevelinthemini-panineachsecondforalldayandthroughouttheentireexperiment.Eventhoughcircuithas4relays,twopinsoftheMCUwereassignedasoutputpinsbothtopumpwatertotherootareaoftheplantsandtopumpwatertofillthemini-pan.

Controllersoftware:

TheirrigationcontrollerprogramwaswrittenusingthePicBasicProsoftwareprogramandthegeneralstrategyfortheautomatedirrigationdefinedinthelogicwasloadedintothememoryoftheMCU.Hence,thelogicoftheirrigationstrategywasdefinedintheMCU,havingamemoryof2K,whichthentookoverandmadedetaileddecisionsonwhentoapplywaterandhowmuchwatertoapply.Thedosageofwatertobeappliedwasdeterminedaccordingtothepumpingtimeofwatertorefilltherootzoneaswaterlevelinthemini-pandroppedthethresholdlevel.Inthesystem,thefeedbackandcontrolweredoneconstantly,dependingonthefeedbackfromthesensor.WheneverasignalwassenttotheMCU,theirrigationactionswerecarriedoutduringthewholeexperimentperiod.Dataflowdiagraminthesoftwareisgiveninfigure6.Thetopwaterlevelinthemini-panwas13.5cm,andasignalwasproducedwhenevertheleveldroppedto12cm,thentheMCUstartedirrigationandfirst,rantheirrigationpumpfor15minutesandsecond,filledthemini-pan.Aftercompletingtheseprocesses,itcheckedwhetherthemini-panfullornot.ifyes,itwenttobacktoreadthesensor.Ifnot,itsentthemessage"thesystemisoutoforder,pleasecheck"onLCD（Fig.6）.

Irrigationapplications:

Theirrigationtreatmentswerearrangedasfollows:

therequiredtime（15minutes）forpumpingwatertotherootareaoftheplantas30%ofavailablesoilmoisturewasdepletedwasthetimerequiredtoraisemoisturecontentofthesubstrateuptofieldcapacity（FC）ineachirrigation.Aftereachirrigation,allpotswereweighedmanually,thenthewaterquantitiesweredeterminedbyweightofthepotsintendedtoidentifyevapotranspiration.Dailyevapotranspiration（ET）wasestimatedbyu