企业文化建设外文翻译文献.docx

企业文化建设外文翻译文献.docx

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企业文化建设外文翻译文献

企业文化建设外文翻译文献

（文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

Enterpriseculture:

necessaryinpromotingenterprise

StevenCarter

ThepaperinvestigatestheeffectsoftheZimbabweannationalcultureonenterprisedevelopment.In-depthinterviewswerecarriedoutwithfifteenentrepreneursandsevenmembersofthecommunitywhoserolewastosupportentrepreneurs.Itwasestablishedthatthenationalcultureimpededenterprisedevelopmentandthefactorsidentifiedare:

baddebtculture,let's-pull-him-downsyndrome,dependencysyndrome,highliving,andabsenceofrolemodels,refusaltoacceptentrepreneurship,employingrelativesandpoorqualitygoodsandservices.Topromoteenterprisedevelopment,countriesneedtoidentifyfactorsthatmakeupthenationalculture.Thepaperalsoidentifiesthedesiredenterpriseculture.

INTRODUCTION

Earlierresearchonenterprisedevelopmentmainlyfocusedonthepersonalcharacteristics/traitsoftheindividual,suchastheneedforachievement,locusofcontrol,theabilitytotakerisk,etc（McClelland,1962;McClellandandWinter,1969;Bellu,1988;Rotter,1966）.Curran（1994）arguedthattraitsalonewereinadequatetoexplainentrepreneurship,andsomefoundnodirectlinkbetweentraitsandentrepreneurialbehaviour（Bird,1988;Guth,2001）.Hence,furtherresearchmovedontoconsideringtheenvironmentalfactors（political,cultural,economic,regulationsand

policies）thataffectenterprisedevelopment.Itwasarguedthatcountriesdesiringtopromoteenterprisedevelopmentneedtoaddresstheseenvironmentalfactors（Telantino,1995;UNCTAD,1995;Gnyawaii,1994;Bird,1989;Chell,1985;Vaselainen,1999）.

Enterprisedevelopmenthasbeenviewedasameansofreducingunemployment,easingothersocialproblemsandasthebestwayofcreatingwealthinacountry（Nolan,2003;Storey,2000）.Asaresultoftheabovereasons,bothdevelopinganddevelopedcountrieshaveembracedenterprisedevelopment.

Likemanyothercountries,Zimbabwehasrunenterprisedevelopmentprogrammes,createdandadoptedpoliciesaimedatcreatingaconduciveenvironmentforenterprisedevelopment.Unfortunately,theeffortstopromoteenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwehavenotbeensuccessful（Mlambo,2000;UNDP,2000）.

ThepaperexploresthefactorsthatmakeuptheZimbabweannationalculturerelatingtoenterprisedevelopment.Italsoestablishestheeffectsthatthesefactorshavehadonenterprisedevelopment.

LITERATUREREVIEW

Cultureisdefinedasasetofhistoricallyevolved,learnedvalues,attitudesandmeaningssharedbythemembersofagivencommunity,thatinlluencetheirmaterialandnon-materialwayoflife（Tayeb,1988）.Theseevolvethroughdifferentstagesofsocialisation,throughinstitutionslikefamily,religion,formaleducationetc.Itwasfurtherassertedthatdifferentculturesinfluenceenterprisedevelopmentdifferently（Hofstede,1991）.Furthermore,othersbelievethatthenationalcultureshouldbeincludedwhendiscussingenterprisedevelopmentofthecountry（Wortzel,1997;Morrison,2000）.Forexample,itwasbelievedthatenterprisedevelopmentsuccessinUSAwasasaresultofitsculturethatpromotesindividualism（DePilliseta/,1998;Wong,2001）,whilefailureofenterprisedevelopmentinIrelandwasasaresultofaculturethatpromotesconformitytothestatusquo（DePillis,1998）.InIndia,enterprisedevelopmentencounteredproblemsduetoaculturethatpromotedspiritualharmonyandacceptanceofdestiny（Dana,2000）.Similarly,entrepreneurshiphasnotsucceededincountrieswhereithasabadimage,whereentrepreneursareviewedasgreedy,unkind,thieves,exploitersofpeopleetc（JoyantandWarner,1996;Morrison,2000;Bateman,1997）.Ontheotherhand,entenrisedevelopmentsucceedsinanationthatembracesit,whereitisviewedasanoblewayoflifeandespeciallywherefailureisnotdemonisedbythesociety（Morrison,2000;Wong2001;DePillis,1998;Nolan,2003）.Enterprisesuccesshasalsobeenrecordedincountrieswheretherearerolemodelswhowouldinspireothers（DePillis,1998）.Rolemodelscanevenbemembersofone'simmediateorextendedfamily（Gibb,1996）.Therefore,countriescanattempttopromoteenterprisedevelopmentbyacceptingandelevatingthesocietalrolemodelsandraisingthepracticalsupportgiventoentrepreneurs（Raynolds,1991;Specht,1993）.

Entrepreneurswhoenjoy'high-living'attheexpenseoftheirenterpriseshavedifficultiesinsucceeding（Spring,1998）.Inbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,somegraduatesdislikebeingassociatedwithworkingforSmalltoMediumEnterprises（SMEs）andself-employment.ThismakesitdifficultforsomecountriestopromoteenterpriseasitisnotacceptedbytheverypeoplewhohavethebestcapacitytosucceedasbusinesspeopleandMorrison（2000）arguesthatformaleducationsystemistobeblamedforproducingconformistsandnotentrepreneurs.Toaddressthis,Stevenson（1996）arguesthatentrepreneurshipshouldbetaughtfromayoungage,inschoolsandcolleges.

Meyanathan（1994）demonstratedthedifficultiesinpromotingenterpriseinacountrythatfavoursacertaingroupofpeopleoverothers;becausetheonesfavouredwilldevelopasenseofentitlement,whilsttheneglectedresenttheentiresystem.

Literatureresearchedhasdiscusseddifferentaspectsofculturethathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopment,buttherehasnotbeenacomprehensivecatalogueofthesefactorsthatmakeupanationalculturerelatingtoenterprisedevelopment.Hence,thispaperexploresthefactorsthatmakeupthenationalculture,and,inparticular,thoserelatingtoenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.

RESEARCHMETHOD

ThepaperseekstoexploreandexplaintheculturalfactorsthathavenegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.Thereisneedtoanswerthequestions,whatarethenationalculturalfactorsthathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe,howhavetheyaffecteditandwhy?

Hence,aninterpretiveapproachwasadopted（Carson,2001）.Withininterpretivism,aqualitativeresearchapproachwasused.Thisapproachallowstheinclusionoftacitknowledgeandexperienceoftheresearcherthroughouttheresearchprocess.Basedonthequalitativeresearchmethod,non-probabilistic（purposeful）samplingwascarriedout,wheretherespondentspointedtheresearchertothenextrespondent（Remenyi,2001）.Thisiscalledsnowballing.

Thesamplewasmadeupoftwenty-tworespondents（elites）.Allrespondentswere'elites'chosenfortheirexpertknowledge（Remenyi,1998;LincolnandGuba,1990）ofenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.Amongthemwerefifteenentrepreneursandsevenrespondentswhoseoccupationsoractivitiessupportedentrepreneurs.Thepurposeforsamplingtheotherseven'elites'wastriangulation（Remenyi,1998;LincolnandGuba1990;Carson2001）.Therewasneededtogetadifferentviewfromthatofentrepreneurs,thatis,thosewhosupportedtheworkof

entrepreneurs（fromfinancialorganisations,developmentandtrainingorganisationsandthegovernment）.Theserespondentshadsupportedentrepreneursthroughfinancing,trainingetc.foratleastsixyears.Allentrepreneursinterviewedwerebusinesspeoplewhohadstartedandmanagedtheirenterprisesformorethansixyears.

Consistentwiththisresearchapproach,face-to-facein-depthinterviewswerecarriedoutusinganinterviewguide.Theinterviewguidewasbasedonthethemesthathadbeenobtainedfromliteratureandneededfurtherexploration.RespondentswereaskedtoidentifyanddiscussallfactorstheybelievedhadnegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentinZimbabwe.

Thecollecteddatawasanalysedusingthethematicanalysis,asdescribedbyMilesandHuberman（1994）,andWengraf（2001）.Theresearchwasconductedintwophases.Theinitialphaseculminatedinestablishingalistofculturalfactorsthathaveaffectedenterprisedevelopment.Afterthefirstroundofinterviewswiththe22respondents,theirresponseswereanalysed.Theresultswerethensubjectedtofurtherscrutinybyninerespondentswhohadtakenpartinthefirstroundofinterviews,andwhowerehencefamiliarwiththisresearchandconsideredabletoprovidethesoundscrutiny.Furthermore,aprogrammethatwasestablishedtopromoteenterprisedevelopmentwasalsoevaluatedasawayoftriangulation.Itwasawaytofindiftherewasanyconvergenceontheculturalfactorsmentionedbytheentrepreneursashavingnegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentandthosethathadaffectedtheprogramme.Therefore,thesecondroundofinterviewsandanevaluationoftheenterprisedevelopingprogrammeweretoprovidefurtherverification,awayofimprovingtrustworthinessandrigour.

Theresearchmethodologyadoptedallowstheresearchertousetacitknowledgeandexperiencethroughouttheprocess;hencetherewillbeinstances（inpresentingthefindings）wheresomeassertionsarenotsourced,butareattributedtotheresearchers'knowledgeandexperienceofZimbabwe.Consistentwiththeresearchmethod,inpresentingfindingsofthisresearch,asummaryoftherespondents'viewsisprovidedandtoemphasisethispositionsomequotationsareincludedinthetextandasampleofotherscanbefoundin.

Onerespondentsaid:

remember,ourculturedoesnotnecessarilypromotepeoplewhosucceed.Successisnotverymuchpartofourculture.

Fromtherespondents'pointofview,oneofthereasonswhyenterprisedevelopmentdidnotflourishinZimbabwewasitsnationalculture.ThefactorsthatmakeuptheZimbabweannationalcultureandhavenegativelyaffectedenterprisedevelopmentare:

bad-debtculture,absenceofrolemodels,let'spull-him-downsyndrome,dependencysyndrome,poorqualitygoodsandservicedelivery,refusingtoacceptentrepreneurshipasaway