网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

HolisticWebBrowsing:

TrendsOfTheFuture

ThefutureoftheWebiseverywhere.ThefutureoftheWebisnotatyourdesk.It’snotnecessarilyinyourpocket,either.It’s everywhere.Witheachnewtechnologicalinnovation,wecontinuetobecomemoreandmoreimmersedintheWeb,connectingtheever-growinglayerofinformationinthevirtualworldtotherealonearoundus.Butratherthangetstarry-eyedwithutopianwonderaboutthisbrightfutureahead,weshould soberlyanticipatethemassiveamountofplanninganddesignwork itwillrequireofdesigners,developersandothers.

Thegapbetweentechnologicalinnovationanditsintegrationinourdailylivesisshrinkingataratemuchfasterthanwecankeeppacewith—considerthenumberofuniqueWebapplicationsyousignedupforinthepastyearalone.ThishasresultedinaveryfragmentedexperienceoftheWeb.Whilerunningseveraldifferentbrowsers,withallsortsofplug-ins,youmightalsoberunningmultiplestandaloneapplicationstomanagefeeds,socialmediaaccountsandmusicplaylists.

Eventhoughwemaybeadeptatswitchingfromonetaborwindowtoanother,weshouldbeworkingtowardsamoreholisticWebexperience,onethatseamlesslyintegratesallofthefunctionalityweneedinthesimplestandmostcontextualway.Withthisinmind,let’sreviewfourtrendsthatdesignersanddeveloperswouldbewisetoobserveandintegrateintotheirworksoastopavethewayforamoreholisticWebbrowsingexperience:

1.Thebrowserasoperatingsystem,

2.Functionally-limitedmobileapplications,

3.Web-enhanceddevices,

4.Personalization.

1.TheBrowserAsOperatingSystem

ThankstothemassivegrowthofWebproductivityapplications,creativetoolsandentertainmentoptions,wearespendingmoretimeinthebrowserthaneverbefore.Themoretimewespendthere,thelesswemakeuseofthemanytoolsinthelargeroperatingsystemthatactuallyrunsthebrowser.Asaresult,we’rebeginningto expectthesamehighlevelofreliabilityandsophisticationinourWebexperiencethatwegetfromouroperatingsystem.

Forthemostpart,ourexpectationshavebeenmetbysuchinnovationsasGoogle’sGmail,Talk,CalendarandDocsapplications,whichalloffervaryingdegreesofintegrationwithoneanother,andonlineimageeditingtoolslikePicnikandAdobe’sonlineversionofPhotoshop.Andthoseexpectationswillcontinuetobemetbyupcomingreleases,suchastheChromeoperatingsystem—we’realreadythinkingofourbrowsersasoperatingsystems.DoingeverythingontheWebwasonceapipedream,butnowit’sareality.

UBIQUITY

TheonelimitationofWebbrowsersthatbecomesmoreandmoreobviousaswemakegreateruseofapplicationsinthecloudisthelackofusableconnectionsbetweenopentabs.Mostusershavegrownaccustomedtokeepingmanytabsopen,switchingbackandforthrapidlybetweenGmail,GoogleCalendar,GoogleDocsandvarioussocialmediatools.Butthisswitchingfromtabtotabisindicativeofbrokenconnectionsbetweenapplicationsthatreallyoughttobeintegrated.

Mozillaisattemptingtofunctionallyconnecttoolsthatweuseinthebrowserinamoreintuitiveandrichwaywith Ubiquity.Whileit’sdefinitelyastepintherightdirection,thecommand-lineapproachmaybeabarriertoentryforthoseunabletoletgoofthemouse.Inthescreenshotbelow,youcanseehowUbiquityallowsyoutoquicklymapalocationshownonaWebpagewithouthavingtoopenGoogleMapsinanothertab.Thisisoneexampleofintegratedfunctionalitywithoutwhichyouwouldberequiredtocopyandpastetextfromonetabtoanother.Ubiquity’scorecapability,whichiscreatingaholisticbrowsingexperiencebyunderstandingbasiccommandsandexecutingthemusingappropriateWebapplications,iscertainlythedirectioninwhichthebrowserisheading.

Thisapproach,weddedtovoice-recognitionsoftware,maybehowweallnavigatetheWebinthenextdecade,orsooner:

hands-free.

TRACEMONKEYANDOGG

Meanwhile,smaller,quieterreleaseshavebeenpavingthewaytoholisticbrowsing.Thispastsummer,FirefoxreleasedanupdatetoitssoftwarethatincludesabrandnewJavaScriptenginecalled TraceMonkey.Thisenginedeliversasignificantboostinspeedandimage-editingfunctionality,aswellastheabilitytoplayvideoswithoutthird-partysoftwareorcodecs.

Asidefromthespeedadvances,whicharealwayswelcome,theimageandvideocapabilitiesareperfectexamplesofhowthebrowserisencroachingontheoperatingsystem’sterritory.Beingabletoeditimagesinthebrowsercouldreplacetheneedforlocalimage-editingsoftwareonyourmachine,andpotentiallyforseparateapplicationssuchasPicnik.Atthispoint,it’snotcertainhowsophisticatedthisfunctionalitycanbe,andsodesignersandordinaryuserswillprobablycontinuetorunlocalcopiesofPhotoshopforsometimetocome.

Thenewvideofunctionality,whichreliesonanopen-sourcecodeccalled Ogg,opensupmanypossibilities,thefirstonebeingfordeveloperswhodonotwanttolicensecodecs.Currently,developersarerequiredtolicenseacodeciftheywanttheirvideostobeplayableinproprietarysoftwaresuchasAdobeFlash.OggallowsvideotobeplayedbackinFirefoxitself.

Whatexcitesmany,though,isthatthenewversionofFirefoxenablesinteractivitybetweenmultipleapplications onthesamepage.Onepotentialapplicationofthistechnology,asillustratedintheimageabove,isallowinguserstoclickobjectsinavideotogetadditionalinformationaboutthemwhilethevideoisplaying.

2.Functionally-LimitedMobileApplications

Sofar,ourlookataholisticWebexperiencehasbeenlimitedtothetraditionalbrowser.Butwe’realsointeractingwiththeWebmoreandmoreonmobiledevices.Rightnow,casualsurfingonamobiledeviceisnotaverysophisticatedexperiencesandthereforeprobablynotthemaindrawforusers.Thecombinationofsmallscreens,inconsistentinputoptions,slowconnectionsandlackofcontentoptimizedformobilebrowsersmakesthisaprettyclumsy,unpredictableandfrustratingexperience,especiallyifyou’renotonaniPhone.

However,applicationswrittenspecificallyformobileenvironmentsandthatdealwithparticular,limitedsetsofdata—suchasGoogle’smobileapps,device-specificapplicationsforTwitterandFacebookandthemillionsofapplicationsintheiPhoneAppStore—lookmorelikethefutureofmobileWebuse.Becausethemobilebrowsingexperienceisinitsinfancy,hereissomeadviceondesigningmobileexperiences:

ratherthansqueezingfull-sizedWebapplications（i.e.onesoptimizedfordesktopsandlaptops）intothepocket,designersanddevelopersshouldbecomeproficientatidentifyingandexecutinglimitedfunctionalitysetsformobileapplications.

AMAZONMOBILE

Agreatexampleofafunctionally-limitedmobileapplicationis Amazon’sinterfacefortheiPhone （screenshotabove）.Amazonhasreducedthemassivescaleofitswebsitetothemostessentialfunctions:

search,shoppingcartandlists.AndithasoptimizedthelayoutspecificallyfortheiPhone’ssmallerscreen.

FACEBOOKFORIPHONE

Facebookcontinuestoimprove itsmobileversion.Thelatestversionincludesasimplifiedlandingscreen,withaniconforeverymajorfunctionofthewebsiteinorderofpriorityofuse.Whileinformationhasbeenreducedandsegmented,thescopeofthewebsitehasnotbeensignificantlyaltered.Eachnewupdatebringstheappclosertoreplicatingthefullexperienceinawaythatfeelsquitenatural.

GMAILFORIPHONE

Finally, Gmail’siPhoneapplication isalsoimpressive.Googlehasintroducedafloatingbartotheinterfacethatallowsuserstobatchprocessemails,sothattheydon’thavetoopeneachemailinordertodealwithit.

3.Web-EnhancedDevices

Mobiledeviceswillproliferatefasterthananythingthecomputerindustryhasseenbefore,therebyexplodingentrypointstotheWeb.ButtheWebwillvastlyexpandnotsolelythroughpersonalmobiledevicesbutthrough completelynewWeb-enhancedinterfacesintransportationvehicles,homes,clothingandotherproducts.

Insomecases,Webenhancementmaylenditselftomarketinginitiativesandadvertising;inothercases,connectingcertaindevicestotheWebwillmakethemmoreusefulandefficient.HerearethreeexamplesofWeb-enhancedproductsorservicesthatwemayallbeusinginthecomingyears:

WEB-ENHANCEDGROCERYSHOPPING

Web-connectedgrocerystore“VIP”cardsmaytrackcustomerspendingastheydotoday:

everytimeyouscanyourcustomercard,yourpurchasesareaddedtoamassivedatabasethatgrocerystoresusetoguidetheirstockingchoices.Inexchangeforyourdata,thestoresofferyoudiscountsonselectedproducts.SoonwithWeb-enhancedshopping,storeswillbeabletoofferyou specific promotionsbasedonyourparticularpurchasinghistory,andinrealtime（asillustratedabove）.ThiswillgiveshoppersmoreincentivetosignupforVIPprogramsandgiveretailersmoreflexibilityandvarietywithdiscounts,salesandotherpromotions.

WEB-ENHANCEDUTILITIES

OneexampleofaWeb-enhanceddevicewemayallseeinourhomessoonenoughisasmartthermostat（illustratedabove）,whichwillallowusersnotonlytomonitortheirpowerusageusingGooglePowerMeterbuttoseetheircurrentchargeswhenitmatterstothem（e.g.whenthey’returninguptheheater,notsittinginfrontofacomputer）.

WEB-ENHANCEDPERSONALBANKING

AnotherusefulWebenhancementwouldbeadisplayofyourcurrentbankaccountbalancedirectlyonyourdebitorcreditcard（asshownabove）.Thisdatawould,ofcourse,beprotectedanddisplayedonlyafteryouclearabiometricsecuritysystemthatreadsyourfingerprintdirectlyon