英语语言学概论整理文档格式.doc

英语语言学概论整理文档格式.doc

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Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.

First,languageisasystem.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.

Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.

2.★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:

1）Productivity.

2）Discreteness.

3）Displacement

4）Arbitrariness.

5）Culturaltransmission

6）Dualityofstructure.

7）Interchangeability.

3.Whydowesaylanguageisasystem?

Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.

4.★（Functionoflanguage.）AccordingtoHalliday,whataretheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage?

Andwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage?

I.Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage:

1）Instrumentalfunction.工具功能

2）Regulatoryfunction.调节功能

3）Representationalfunction.表现功能

4）Interactionalfunction.互动功能

5）Personalfunction.自指性功能

6）Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]

7）Imaginativefunction.想象功能

II.Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:

1）Interpersonalcomponents.人际

2）Ideationalcomponents.概念

3）Textualcomponents.语篇

Chapter2Linguistics语言学

1.generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics（普通语言学与描写语言学）Theformerdealswithlanguageingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.

2.synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics（共时语言学与历时语言学）Diachroniclinguisticstracesthehistoricaldevelopmentofthelanguageandrecordsthechangesthathavetakenplaceinitbetweensuccessivepointsintime.Andsynchroniclinguisticspresentsanaccountoflanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime.

3.theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics（理论语言学与应用语言学）Theformercopeswithlanguageswithaviewtoestablishingatheoryoftheirstructuresandfunctionswhereasthelatterisconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.

4.microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics（微观语言学与宏观语言学）Theformerstudiesonlythestructureoflanguagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.

5.langueandparole（语言与言语）Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationbyanindividualspeaker.

6.competenceandperformance（语言能力与语言运用）Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

7.speechandwriting（口头语与书面语）Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.

8.linguisticsbehaviorpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior（语言行为潜势与实际语言行为）Peopleactuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossiblelinguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.

9.syntagmaticrelationandparadigmaticrelation（横组合关系与纵聚合关系）Theformerdescribesthehorizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.

10.verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication（言语交际与非言语交际）Usualuseoflanguageasameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithoutusinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.

1.★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics?

AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:

1）Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.

2）Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.

3）Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.

4）Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.

2.Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:

consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.

1）Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.

2）Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.

3）Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.

3.★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem?

Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:

1）Phonetics.语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.

2）Phonology.音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker’snativelanguage.

3）Morphology.形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.

4）Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.

5）Semantics.语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningofsentences.

6）Pragmatics.语用学

★Thescopeoflanguage:

Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.

★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:

Itinvolvesfourstages:

collectingdata,formingahypothesis,testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.

Chapter3Phonetics语音学

1.articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）Thestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.

2.acousticphonetics（声学语音学）Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.

3.auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.

4.consonant（辅音）Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.

5.vowel（元音）isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandispronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.

6.bilabials（双唇音）Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwolips.[p][b][m][w]

7.affricates（塞擦音）Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyiscalledaffricates.[tX][dY][tr][dr]

8.glottis（声门）Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.

9.roundedvowel（圆唇元音）Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsformingacircularopening.[u:

][u][OB][O]

10.diphthongs（双元音）Diphthongsareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]

11.triphthongs（三合元音）Triphthongsarethosewhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]

12.laxvowels（松元音）Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsandlaxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andtherestshortvowelsarelaxvowels.

1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?

TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.

1）Thepositionofthesoftpalate.

2）Thepresenceortheabsenceofvocal-cordvibration.

3）Theplaceofarticulation.

4）Themannerofarticulation.

2.★Howarevowelsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?

Vowelsoundsaredifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors.

1）Thestateofthevelum

2）Thepositionofthetongue.

3）Theopennessofthemouth.

4）Theshapeofthelips.

5）Thelengthofthevowels.

6）Thetensionofthemusclesatpharynx.

3.★Whatarethethreesub-branchesofphonetics?

Howdotheydifferfromeachother?

Phoneticshasthreesub-branchesasfollowing:

1）Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.

2）Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.

3）Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.

4.★Whatarethecommonlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsandvowelsrespectively?

I.Thefrequentlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsincludethefollowing:

1）Voiced.

2）Nasal.

3）Consonantal.