学术英语写作课件-Academic-writing.ppt

学术英语写作课件-Academic-writing.ppt

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AcademicWriting,ResearchPaperResearchReportDissertation/Thesis,GeneralFormat:

IMRADIntroduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion,PreparingforaResearchPaper,ChoosingaTopicPreparingtheReferencesAnalyzingtheDataMakingtheOutline,TheStructureofaResearchPaper,TitleAbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementReferences,CharacteristicsofAcademicWriting,CreativityScientificityStandardization,Requirements,FormatLanguageexpressionAvoidanceofPlagiarism,Abstract,ThetypesofAbstractInformativeIndicativeSamplesonP.238SamplesonP.240,Fourbasicunitsofanabstract,Objectivesoftheresearchpaper（论文所研究的具体对象）Methodologyyouusedintheresearch（运用的具体方法）Thefindingsfromtheresearch（得出的具体结果）Conclusionsinducedfromthefindingorexperiments（结果进行剖析而得出的具有创新性的结论）,以上述四要素为依托，找出每部分专指度高的主题概念词，然后正确地组织好这些反映主题内容的主题概念词，用逻辑性强的关联词将其贯穿起来，就构成一篇完整的摘要，再以表现论文的主题内容为主旨，以主题词为工具，经过耐心地推敲、简化，力求使摘要简明扼要，逻辑性强，结构完整。

usesoneormorewelldevelopedparagraphs:

theseareunified,coherent,concise,andabletostandalone.,英文摘要的写法除了具有中、英文摘要的共性外，还有自己独特的个性，一般应符合以下几点要求：

1.尽量用简、短的句子，避免句形单调，组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语，尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词；E.g.thepaperexplores2.用过去时态叙述作者所做的工作，用现在时态叙述作者得出的结果、结论，尽量用主动语态代替被动语态；（不出现人称主语，客观事实作主语表态时，要用被动）Iinducedthreefindings（）/theexperimentinducedthreefindings（）Threefindingsareinducedfromtheexperiment,3.可用动词的情况下尽量避免用动词的名词形式；E.g.thefindingsoftheseinvestigationssuggests（makeasuggestion）transientadaptationreferstotherapid（isthereferencetothe）4.避免使用一长串形容词或名语为修饰名词，可将这些词分成几个前置短语，用连字符连接，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）；E.g.heaskedwithafather-knows-besttone,不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语；对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词，可以直接使用，对于那些仅为同行所熟悉缩略语，应在题目、文摘或关键词中至少出现一次全称。

Suggestionsonwritingabstracts,Makeyourabstractsinformative,notdescriptive.Thatis,makeyourabstractsshortsummariesofyourpaper,includingespeciallyanyconclusionsyoumayhavedrawnorrecommendationsyoumayhavemade.Agoodinformativeabstractmaystatetheproblemyouareexaminingortheprocedureyouhavecarriedout,yourpurposeindoingit,yourresults,andyourconclusionsorrecommendations.Mostabstractsarelimitedtooneparagraphandmustthereforebeconstructedwithcare.,Anabstractconsistsof3parts:

purpose,result/conclusion,andrecommendation.Thepresenttense,pasttenseandthepresentperfecttenseareoftenusedinanabstract;thethirdpersonshouldbeusedinwritinganabstract.Avoidusing“firstperson”like“Istudied”“wethinkthat”“I/weconcluded”,youneedtowatchon“donts”,Donotcommencewiththispaper”,thisreportorsimilar.Itisbettertowriteabouttheresearchthanaboutthepaper.Avoidsentencesthatendinisdescribed,isreported,isanalyzedorsimilar.,Usefulexpressions,Inthefirstpartofanabstract

（1）theauthortellsaboutthewriterdescribesthepaperexploreslooksatrefersto

（2）thepurposeofthispaperistoV（presents,）aninvestigationwasdesignedtoV（prove,generalize）theconceptofisusedtodetermine（3）thepaperdealswith,2如果需要简略回顾历史，然后再说明自己文章的内容，则可参考采用下面的句子：

Theproblemwasfirsttreatedbyandlaterimprovedby.Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovethatitholdsinamoregeneralcase.firstraisedtheproblemwhichwaslaterpartlysolvedby.Wenowsolvethisprobleminthecaseof,Inthesecondpartofanabstract

（1）ItisfoundthatTheauthorconcludesthat+S+VThepaperconcludes

（2）ItisseenfromFig.4thattheresultsaregiveninFig.4Inthelastpartofanabstract

（1）ItissuggestedItisrecommended+that+S+V

（2）Theresultssuggest/showthatItisrecommendedthat,TaskDiscusswithyourpartnerandtranslatethefollowingabstract,本文首先从严复的著名翻译三原则出发，对当今的中国翻译研究现状做出批评性描述，然后就中英互译中的一些问题做出新的范式。

作者认为，由于中英两种语言属于不同的文化传统，因而不存在决对的对应，但是通过认真的比较研究，相对的对应仍可获得。

ThearticlepresentsacriticalsurveyofthestateoftheartofcontemporaryChinesetranslationstudiesbyquestioningYanFusfamousprincipleregardingliterarytranslation.ItoffersanewparadigminregardtotranslationfromEnglishintoChineseandviceverse,namelythat,toanauthor,thereisnosuchthingasabsoluteequivalenceinthecontextofChinese-EnglishorEnglish-ChinesetranslationforthesimplereasonthatChineseandEnglishbelongtotwoentirelydifferentculturaltraditions.However,throughcarefulcomparativestudies,relativeequivalentcanbeachieved.,